The Nature of Aggression (or is it Nurture) Essay

The Nature of Aggression (or is it Nurture?) Every night on the news there are reports about murders, wars, and rapes. But the news isnt the only place where people encounter violent or aggressive behavior. Driving home from work, people get cut off and cussed at on a daily basis. At school, children fight over who will be the first in the lunch line. On the street, people get pushed out of the way if they are not walking fast enough. The list could go on and on and on. The point is that humans exhibit aggressive behavior on a regular basis. However, does anyone know why people display these behaviors? Why do certain people seem more aggressive? Is there just one thing that controls when and how aggressive someone becomes? These are†¦show more content†¦The nature vs. nurture topic has been a continuing debate for many aspects of human behavior, including aggression. There have been many studies indicating that chemical relationships between serotonin, testosterone, and frontal lobe brain chemistry may play a key role in determining aggressive behavior, while other studies have explored environmental and societal factors that have been said to control patterns in human aggression. The argument for nature surrounds the possible biological reasons for why human aggression is exhibited. The reasons for why there is aggressive behavior in humans include a range of hypotheses. Aggression may have a chemical, hormonal, or genetic basis. Research has shown that stimulation of certain parts of animals brains leads to aggression. Stimulation of other parts stops aggression (1). Some researches believe that it stems from low levels of serotonin. Terrie Moffitt and colleagues studied the blood serotonin levels of 781 21-year-old men and women. The researchers report that in this study, elevated whole blood serotonin was characteristic of violent men. (Low brain levels of serotonin, but high levels of blood serotonin, are associated with behavior disorders-apparently because of serotonins different origin and function in blood and brain.) The violent mens mean serotonin level was .48 standard deviations (SD) above the norm for males as a group, and .56 SD above the mean f or non-violent men. AmongShow MoreRelatedAggression Is It ‘Nature’ or ‘Nurture’2434 Words   |  10 PagesAggression is it ‘Nature’ or ‘Nurture’ During our lifetime every one of us feels anger and aggression occasionally, some more than others, maybe as a child in the play ground or later as an adult when somebody cuts you up when you are driving along. But what causes anger and aggression and why do we all suffer from it? Well there are lots of different theories to what causes aggression and where aggressive behaviour comes from. So throughout this essay I will examine the different concepts and theoriesRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture: Genetics vs Environment1617 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch about. The nature vs. nurture topic has been a continuing debate for many aspects of human behavior, including aggression/violent behavior and criminal behavior. There have been many studies indicating that chemical relationships between hormones and the frontal lobe of the brain may play a key role in determining aggressive behavior as well as genetics, while other studies have explored environmental and social factors that have been said to control patterns in human aggression. Aggressive/violentRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature Versus Nurture1337 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs. Nurture There are many different ways that behavior can be explained, especially on the terms of nature vs. nurture. Aggression is a behavior that has been extensively analyzed in a complex manner and the causes of it can be explained many different ways. Aggression can be defined as hostile or destructive behavior that can cause injury or destructive outlook especially when caused by frustration. Nature can be defined as aspects of behavior that have been inherited or are genetic, whileRead MorePsychology, Nature Vs. Nurture971 Words   |  4 Pagesthese are forms of aggression, but does anyone stop and think why we are that way? The answer is found in the classic debate in Psychology, Nature vs. Nurture. Aggression is caused by learned behavior, not through genetics. There are two sides of this debate, Nature and Nurture. Nature refers to something that you’re born with and are not able to change. People that follow this are called Nativists. They believe that the traits that you have are passed down through genetics. Nurture means that yourRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : The Biological Approach962 Words   |  4 Pages Nature vs Nurture is something that has been researched for many years especially when it comes to finding the reason for someone committing a crime. When talking about nature, I am talking about how you are born. The genes that you are born with that make you who you are. When referring to nurture I am talking about how someone is raised. Such as the environment you live in and what is taught to you. As humans we cannot control our nature it is simply what you are born with. When you are born youRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of psychology is the debate of whether or not ones environment or genetic background plays more of a role in the development of a person. Both nature and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the i nfluence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individual. ThroughoutRead MorePosition Paper: Aggression847 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical assault and aggression is the second leading cause of death among 14 to 17 year olds, next to vehicular accidents (Loeber). But why are humans so aggressive in the first place? There are two sides of the debate: Nature, and Nurture. Some say that it’s human nature, genetics that cause most behaviors, while others say that we act as we learned during childhood. This argument applies to aggression as well. Aggression is mainly caused by things during childhood and adolescence where peopleRead MoreHow Nature And Nurture Influence Substance Abuse1259 Words   |  6 PagesFrom John Locke’s blank slate to modern scientists arguments, nature versus nurture is one of the most debated topic in psychology. Nature refers to genes and hereditary features that plays a role in a personâ €™s growth, whereas nurture refers to any environmental stimuli that contribute to the development of behaviors. A lot of people though believe that nature and nurture are separate, only one can influence a person. In this modern era, majority of experts and people will now agree that both equallyRead More Gender Differences and Gender Stereotypes from a Psychological Perspective1085 Words   |  5 Pagesgender differences. The majority of people seem to believe that males are more aggressive than females. Aggression, is defined as behavior intended to harm another person. Aggression can be found in physical behavior and verbal behavior. The difference in the degree of aggression between the two genders seems much more obvious in people’s youth. Young boys are known to fight a lot, but there aggression seems to fade as they mature. There have been many studies involving gender differences in aggressiveRead MoreNature Versus Nurture Has Been A Big Debate In The Past1433 Words   |  6 Pages Nature versus nurture has been a big debate in the past few years. Debates and arguments from both sides has its own statements which makes their side stronger. Some argue that it is in the genetics if a person is intelligent where some state the opposite, that surroundings make a person intelligent which improves them in a person mentally and physically. In the 1950s psychologist Harry Harlow studied the effects of maternal deprivation on the development of baby monkeys. Some philosophers such

Employee Engagement Human Resource Management - 1049 Words

Employee engagement is burning topic for HR, with almost 40% of HR professionals stating this was the most pressing issue of the day (Society for Human Resource Management, 2015). The reason for this attention is that only 13% of employees stat they are â€Å"engaged† with 63% â€Å"not engaged† and 24% â€Å"actively disengaged† (Crabtree, 2013). Furthermore, in a knowledge economy, employees are the product of the business. Determining and predicting the employee-value proposition as to engagement continuum contributes to the overall culture (Harris, Craig, Light, 2010). Happier employees create happy customers, and more revenue (Davenport, Harris, Shapiro, 2010). Employee engagement is evolving from an old-fashion annual survey of generic questions to a continuous assessment of passion and alliance which reflect â€Å"simply irresistible† organizations (Bersin, The five elements of a simply irresistible organization, 2014) (Jensen, 2014) (Hoffma n, Casnocha, Yeh, 2014). Companies and vendors measure autonomy, mastery, purpose, coaching, and inclusion. GE is piloting a company created an app, PD@GE, that incorporates two-way â€Å"fast feedback† between employees and managers (Nisen, 2015). Kanjoya offers a similar product with natural language processing for sentiment analysis to undercover emotion (Sanati, 2015). Celpax has a simple daily pulse solution for employees as they depart home: how was your day today – red, yellow, green (Smith, 2014). This data not only allowsShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management And Employee Engagement2283 Words   |  10 PagesThe management of Human Capital has always been very crucial in any kind of business. Human Resource Management has been in existence before the term was even coined. Earlier, the management was more authoritative and did not need close observation and engagement although motivation and punishment were the factors influencing. But with the incre asing competition; awareness and literacy amongst the workers and evolving work rights, Human Resource Management and Employee engagement have become veryRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Its Importance1517 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the 21st century, human society has undergone tremendous changes, it began to change from the industrial economy to a knowledge economy era. Economic globalization and improve the level of global competition, organizations have had to make full use of all their resources to ensure its survival and development. As an important resource organization human resource organization also attracted more and more attention. Effective human resource management has become a key organizational developmentRead MoreEmployee Engagement : Effective Internal Communication996 Words   |  4 Pagescompany is the characteristic of the positive work environments. The notion of employee engagement is a relatively new and popular one, one that has attracting a lot of attention for most of corporates and has been heavily marketed by internal communication practisers such as human resource consulting firm that offer advice on how it can be developed and leveraged (Macey and Schneider, 2008). Successful em ployee engagement is regarded as the enticing promise of increased productivity, effectivenessRead MoreEmployee Engagement Is The Buzzword818 Words   |  4 PagesEmployee engagement is the buzzword in any organization. Several articles and studies have highlighted on how to measure and manage engagement. This is an essential area in an organization to draw on because it translates into an organizational success. However, engagement is two-way process: organizations must bring about a design to engage the employee, who in turn has a choice about the level of engagement to offer the employer. Each reinforces the other. An engaged employee comes across aRead MoreImplementing A Company Wide Recruitment961 Words   |  4 Pages If you’re looking for an experienced human resources professional that that has developed retention based recruitment programs and has been responsible for the succession planning process in order to build company bench strength, then look no further – consider me for you next Human Resources Manager. As an experienced human resources and business professional with over 15 years of experience, I bring the depth and breathe of expertise needed to be successful in this position. In particular: Read MoreHuman Resource Management (Hcm) Can Be Best Defined As1182 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management (HCM) can be best defined as â€Å"the function within an organization that focuses on the recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in an organization.† For the successful operation of an organization, the members within HRM department provide the training, legal and management advice, administrative services, knowledge, talent management oversight, and necessary tools. While a majority of HR managers are responsible for ensuring team buildingRead MoreIdentifying The Critical Components Of A Talent Management Program1397 Words   |  6 Pages Hybrid Assignment 4 – Talent Management Program Write a 2-3 page essay identifying the critical components of a Talent Management Program and provide a detailed rationale of why companies invest millions of dollars in Talent Management Programs? 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According to Stairs (2005, p.8) research into engagement has completely being ignored and a Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) report (Alfes et al., 2010, p.4) supported this view by stating that while academia became silent on the concept of employee engagement, the concept was actually placed on the discussion board by Human Resources (HR) professionals, practitioners, and consultants. Kular et al (2008) further state that thereRead MorePerformance Appraisal And The Diversity Within The Workplace963 Words   |  4 PagesDue to the ever-changing job market, the Public Sector u tilizes Human Resource Management by furthering specialized categories of services. Position Management plays a key role in organizations job duties and classifications used especially in the merit system by job type and level of responsibilities which leads to limiting payroll salaries only needed for that position. As organizations change internally the Position Management will analyze the current employees and their performances based on

Different Cultures Free Essays

Different countries of the world have different cultures. In light of this, there may be discrepancies in the way we interpret our interaction with the person from another culture. Sometimes it may be difficult to understand or accept another culture which is different from one’s own culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Cultures or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my three years of living in America, I have had experiences based on the difference between the Korean and American culture – these are in the area of non-verbal communication and appointment culture. However, I have also noticed that the structure of the educational system is similar. First of all, nonverbal communication is so much different between two countries. According to reading, â€Å"Where Do We Stand† Lisa Davis, mentioned that all countries have different nonverbal communications and personal space. Because of these, there may be misunderstandings and misinterpretations. One of the differences between the American and Korean culture is greeting. Americans greet by putting up a handshake and saying â€Å"hi† to anyone, both young and old. Koreans do that only to friends or someone who are younger than people who greet. If it is someone older, we greet by bowing head. Moreover, one other mode of greeting is kissing each other. It is really different culture from Korea. We never kiss anyone except close family members. I still find it hard to adapt to this mode of greeting. The simple communication mistakes we make at one time or the other upset the Americans. This may not be deliberate but due to the communication gap. Secondly, keeping an appointment is an indispensable condition even between friends in America. According to reading â€Å"Friends and Strangers† Margaret K. (Omar) Nydell, she talked about some differences of cultures and if she wants to meet another person, she needs to have a one week grace period. To me, this is strange. When I just came to America, I did not know about cultural differences. The first person I met was American-Chinese, we later became close friends. There was a times I was in bad mood. I called her so that I can talk to her. However, told me that she did not want to talk to me because she was having her personal time and asked me to meet the following day or two days after. I thought she just did not want to meet me and did not think it could be impolite to someone else. In Korea, we usually never make an appointment with friends. Whenever the need arises, a call is made and if the other party is available to meet. Even some of my friends just come to my home without any call. Making an appointment is one of courtesies in America. Although both cultures are sometimes poles apart, there are still some similarities between both cultures. A similarity can be found in the educational system of both countries. I believe that all countries have the same passion about education. America students prefer attending a good school and study hard. They also like people who are well educated. Even if there are many differences between other countries, Korea and America, when I study with others, we forget everything about differences and study with the same passion. It helps connect us to each other even if we come from very different countries. In conclusion, I have had so many experiences and realize that there are differences between other cultures. This I have come to realize since coming to this country three years ago. It is really hard to understand each other across cultures, and sometimes it there is still a communication gap between my friends and I. However, we are can understand each other if we all make an effort. We should try to accept the differences and then we could be closer to each other. How to cite Different Cultures, Papers

Violance Aginst Women in Bangladesh free essay sample

Violence against women in Bangladesh has largely been aggravated by certain socio-cultural factors such as lack of gender equality, lack of awareness and knowledge about right, poverty, low educational level, womens position in the family and cultural taboos regarding violence and rape. The consequences of rape and fairly recent form of violence acid throwing- have a serious impact on the victims position in the society and her life, her chances of marriage and her ability to maintain a decent life. The socio-cultural context of violence in Bangladesh: Well Known risk factors of violence and sexual assaults are prevalent in Bangladesh, among other illiteracy poverty and lack of education. Very few women are aware of their rights. From available research and other documents it is clear that violence against women in Bangladesh is a grave problem. However, this understanding has done little to redress the devaluation of women in the Bangladeshi culture. The general attitude is reflected in the lack of will to assist women effectively when they seek help. Media reports, records from the police, courts, and hospitals reflect that incidences of abuse against women are alarmingly on the rise. Each year more and more cases are reported to agencies set up to intervene in cases of violence against women. Rape, burns, battery, homicide, acid attack, abduction, trafficking are all seen to be on the rise every year. The general increase in media focus as well as activism by womens and human rights organizations however have created greater public awareness resulting in more frequent and open discussions leading to more attention to possible solutions of the problem. The consequences of violence: Violence against women has short and long term impact on both physical and mental health of victims. It affects not only womens own lives and productivity, but also those of other family members, especially children. Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world and its estimated prevalence rate of violence against women is extremely high which, in turn, is ‘an obstacle to the achievement of equality, development and peace† (Johnson et al. , 2008, p. 16) Due to a lack of reliable base-line surveys, the exact number of women affected by violence is unknown . However, non-governmental organization (NGO) reports indicate that Bangladesh has one of the highest rate globally despite advancements of Women`s Rights and a strong history of women’s movements. Deeply embedded in cultural and socio-economic practices, violence against women is sanctioned by both society and the state, in the name of culture, tradition and Islamic religion. How it recognized? Recognizing violence against women as a violation of Human Rights is a significant turning-point in the struggle to end violence against women globally (UNIFEM, 2003). A human rights perspective broadens the definition of violence against women and â€Å"focuses attention on discrimination and inequalities that are maintained or tolerated by the state and that increase women`s vulnerability to violence† (Johnson et al. , 2008, p. 4) Violence against women has been recognized as an Human Rights issue since the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna, which established that â€Å"human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights† (VDPA, Part I, para. 8). What are the consequences of that? A number of consequences have been found to be associated with intentional violence, such as: * Pelvic Infection * STDs * Sterility * Chronic pain * Gastrointestinal diseases * Homicide * Suicide What are various psychological symptoms are also associated with violence? These are: * Sleeping disorders * Depression * Trauma related symptoms * Low self-esteem * Suicide ideation and attempts. What the most common forms of violence In Bangladesh? 1. Fatwa violence against women in Bangladesh: Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world and its estimated prevalence rate of violence against women is extremely high which, in turn, is ‘an obstacle to the achievement of equality, development and peace’ (Johnson et al. , 2008, p. 16). Due to lack of reliable base-line surveys, the exact number of women affected by violence is unknown (CEDAW/C/BGD/Q/7). However, non-governmental organization (NGO) reports indicate that Bangladesh has one of the highest rates globally, despite advancements of women`s rights and a strong history of women’s movements. Deeply embedded in cultural and socio-economic practices, violence against women is sanctioned by both society and the state, in the name of culture, tradition and Islamic religion. What is fatwa violence? ‘The fatwa (is) an interpretation of the Qur’an and the -Prophet Muhammed’s teachings, has the potential to define everyday practices and modes of being for that religious leader’s followers. ’ ‘Although any Muslim can technically follow any fatwa, the norms and practices of their particular community will determine whether they carry it out. Black and Nadirsyah write: ‘Simply stated, a fatwa is a legal opinion issued by an Islamic law specialist on a specific issue. ’But then, later, they propose: ‘A fatwa is a non-binding legal opinion or ruling given by a recognized Islamic legal specialist. ’ ‘A small number of countries do give fatwas legal force, making them binding when gazetted and published. In some Mu slim countries, such as Bangladesh, it is an offence to issue an unauthorized fatwa. ’ ‘Fatwas are to be issued only by leading Islamic scholars because the ruling or opinion iven is to be arrived at through deep understanding and thorough knowledge of the Shari’a, drawing on the sources of Islamic law, namely the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet, the opinions of the jurists of the four Sunni schools of law (madhabs) and by applying the methodology of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). ’ ‘As Islam has no centralised, international priestly hierarchy, there is no uniform method for determining who can issue a valid fatwa, nor is there one definitive academic qualification on which a Mufti or Ayatollah’s standing rests. There is a misconception that a fatwa is strictly an order to kill specified individual(s) but the truth of it is that fatwas are issued on all sorts of question, such as whether or not an autopsy is permissible under Musli m law. What are the overviews of international human rights commitments and existing situation in Bangladesh regarding Fatwa? The international law apparatus can be used as a functioning tool in offering ways of enforcement of Women? s Human Rights in multiple ways. The UN General Assembly has adopted numerous resolutions both on violence against women in general and on violence against women in specific contexts. For example, the Security Council Resolution 1325 (SCR 1325) calls for the protection of women in conflict situations, and their full inclusion in peace-building and post-conflict reconstruction (2000). It has also adopted resolutions on violence against vulnerable and disadvantaged groups of women (e. g. migrant women), and with respect to particular forms of violence (e. g. UN General Assembly Resolution Working towards the Eliminations of Crimes Against Women Committed in the Name of Honor (2004)) (Chinkin, 2010). The World Health Organization (WHO) further reports and highlights a connection between the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the prevention of VAW, claiming that working towards the MDG`s will reduce violence against women and preventing VAW will contribute to achieving the MDG`s (WHO 2005). There are numerous international human rights commitments which Bangladesh is obliged to respect, protect and fulfill, in relations to VAW. However, simply ratifying international conventions, covenants and treaties is not sufficient; they must be incorporated into domestic law in order to be effective. To offer an example, Bangladesh ratified the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution in 2002, but has failed to incorporate its provisions into domestic law. 2. Domestic Violence: What is domestic violence? Domestic violence is typically considered a private matter and is generally ignored by policies and programs. As a result, cases of domestic violence remain largely unknown and are reflected in official statistics. 3. Abduction: What is abduction? Of a person or people Kidnapping, the taking away of a person against the persons will Alien abduction, memories of being taken by apparently nonhuman entities Bride kidnapping, a practice in which a man abducts the woman he wishes to marry Child abduction, the abduction or kidnapping of a young child (or baby) by an older person Express kidnapping, a method of abduction where a small ransom that a company or family can easily pay is requested. Tiger kidnapping, taking a hostage to force a loved one or associate of the victim to do something. Trafficking in women and children 4. Rape: Given that rape is stigmatized as loss for the women who are raped, such cases are also greatly under-reported. Marital rape is not recognized as an offence by the law 5. Acid Attack 6. Burn 7. Homicide : What is homicide? Homicide (Latin: homicidium, Latin: homo human being + Latin: caedere to cut, kill) is the act of a human killing another human. [Murder, for example, is a type of homicide. It can also describe a person who has committed such an act, though this use is rare in modern English. Homicide is not always a punishable act under criminal law, and is different to murder from a formal legal point of view. Criminal homicide: Criminal homicide takes several forms and includes certain unintentional killings. The crime committed in a criminal homicide is determined by the state of mind of the defendant and statutes defining the crime. Murder, for example, is usually an intentional crime. State-sanctioned homicide Homicides may also be non-criminal when conducted with the sanction of the state. The most obvious examples are capital punishment, in which the state determines that a person should die. Homicides committed in action during war are usually not subject to criminal prosecution either. In addition, members of law enforcement entities are also allowed to commit justified homicides within certain parameters which, when met, do not usually result in prosecution; see deadly force. Global statistics: A 2011 study by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime brought together a wide variety of data sources to create a worldwide picture of trends and developments. Sources included multiple agencies and field offices of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and national and international sources from 207 countries. The report estimated that in 2010, the total number of homicides globally was 468,000. More than a third (36%) occurred in Africa, 31% in the Americas, 27% in Asia, 5% in Europe and 1% in Oceania. Since 1995, the homicide rate has been falling in Europe, North America, and Asia, but has risen to a near crisis point in Central America and the Caribbean. Of all homicides worldwide, 82% of the victims were male and 18% were female; of the female victims, 40 to 70% were linked to partner- or family-related violence. On a per-capita scaled level, the homicide rate in Africa and the Americas (at 17 and 16 per 100,000 population, respectively) is more than double the global average (6. per 100,000), whereas in Asia, Europe and Oceania (between 3 and 4 per 100,000) it is roughly half. Forty-two percent of homicides globally are committed using firearms. 8. Psychological Abuse : What is psychological abuse? Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that may r esult in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as abusive relationships, bullying, child abuse and abuse in the workplace. There were no consensus views about the definition of emotional abuse. As such, clinicians and researchers have offered sometimes divergent definitions of emotional abuse. However, the widely used Conflict Tactics Scale measures roughly twenty distinct acts of psychological aggression in three different categories: * Verbal aggression (e. g. , saying something that upsets or annoys someone else); * Dominant behaviours (e. g. preventing someone to have contact with their family); * Jealous behaviors (e. g. , accusing a partner of maintaining other parallel relations). Effects: English, et al. report that children whose families are characterized by interpersonal violence, including psychological aggression and verbal aggression, may exhibit a range of serious disorders, including chronic depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder , dissociation and anger. A 2008 study by Walsh and Shulman reports that relationship dissatisfaction for both partners is more likely to be associated with, in women, psychological aggression and, in men, with withdrawal. Clinical perception: A study found that abuse committed by women, including emotional and psychological abuse such as controlling or humiliating behavior, was typically viewed as less serious or detrimental than identical abuse committed by men. Additionally, Sorenson and Taylor found that respondents had a broader range of opinions about female perpetrators, representing a lack of clearly defined mores when compared to responses about male perpetrators. It is suggested that some forms of psychopathology lead to some men adopting patriarchal ideology to justify and rationalize their own pathology * Sexual Abuse of children in the family Dowry related violence * Violence During Pregnancy * Forced Prostitution Is there any Violence against Bangladeshi women in abroad? * Answer: yes of course ( source Parvez Babul | 14 May 2012 5:56 pm at daily new age) The women, facing violence by their husbands/inmates, die many times before their death! Moreover, the rate of violence against Banglad eshi women in abroad is beyond the imagination. In most cases victims are helpless there, for many reasons as in foreign land. I have tried to portray a simple picture of violence against Bangladeshi women in abroad to realise how endless inhumane lives they pass, and even killed! Most of the victim told me that, before wedding, the parents or guardians are unable to collect enough information about the grooms staying abroad. Consequently, they have to believe the grooms no matter how false information they give. But after marriage, when the fate of women starts burning, nothing can be done, but have to accept unless the lives of women turn into ashes. Sometimes greed of being migrants of family members with the help of migrant husbands and other causes makes some parents and guardians more interested to catch Bangladeshi grooms in abroad. I am certain that many of you know more or less about the violence against Bangladeshi women in abroad. Yet I like to present here one of the touchy case studies of some sufferer and severely injured women to realise the reality and state of grave inhumanity, so that if we can do something needed in favour of them in future. Koli (not her real name) was an educated girl and had an affair with a person in Dhaka. Both she and her lover were planning to marry on upcoming Valentine’s Day. But Koli’s parents got a proposal through a matchmaker that there is a Bangladeshi ‘good’ groom, have been staying in Sweden for a few years. If they wed Koli with that groom, no dowry or gift is needed rather the groom will manage the cost of wedding. In addition, both Koli and her family members will be able to settle in Sweden. Very lucrative proposal! Koli’s parents agreed and the wedding was done within five days without taking consent from Koli. Koli unwillingly went Sweden with her husband. After going there within a few days she discovered that her husband drinks wine regularly, have realtion with other women and tortures mentally and physically Koli if she protests. Her husband kept her confined at the residence, and she was not allowed to go outside or contact any one. Even she could not contact her parents in Bangladesh, because she was not allowed to touch her husband’s mobile phone and talk with anyone. Koli could do nothing, but cried like a bird confined in a cage! She became sick due to torture and after suffering a few days, she was taken to a doctor by her husband unwillingly. She kept the fact hidden of torturing by her husband, and told the doctor that she got the marks of injuries in her body due to fall down at the bathroom. After seven months Koli felt that she was pregnant. Getting the news, her husband kicked at her belly, bleeding started and the embryo was killed. This is just one of the very simple stories of violence I mentioned. There are many women who have been being tortured more dangerously by their husbands; became disabled, passing lives in shelter centres, unable to continue legal action against the husbands because they fear of more torture. Some husbands have one more wives, took from Bangladesh; even some wives are denied their rights to the children. Some husbands make fabricated story in favour of them before wedding, but in the practical field it is found that some husbands even unemployed in abroad and were sentenced to imprisonment for drug addiction and other unlawful activities. Some husbands torture their wives in the streets, parks, shopping malls and other places. Evidence shows that violence against Bangladeshi women exists in many countries, and some women have been killed by their husbands. In addition, some persons take women in abroad by the name of ‘marriage’, sale them in the brothel or deal with sex trade there forcibly against the will of those women. Some sufferer women suggested to the parents of Bangladeshi women not to become agree instantly to wed their daughters with the grooms live in abroad. Rather the parents must take some time to know details about the grooms as more as possible through different sources. The Bengali community in abroad, our embassies in different countries, and some other migrants should play helpful role in this regard. Though there is no enough data on the violence against Bangladeshi women in abroad, so necessary support, capacity-building and research must conduct to address the isssue and save lives of Bangladeshi women in abroad. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates in 2002 that around 20-70% of abused women around the world never told another person about the abuse until being interviewed for a study by WHO. Amnesty International mentioned that around the world at least one woman in every three has been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Every year, violence in the home and the community devastates the lives of millions of women. Violence against women is rooted in a global culture of discrimination which denies women equal rights with men. Amnesty added that there is an unbroken spectrum of violence that women face at the hands of people who exert control over them. States have the obligation to prevent, protect against, and punish violence against women whether perpetrated by private or public actors. States have a responsibility to uphold standards of due diligence and take steps to fulfill their responsibility to protect individuals from human rights abuses, the report concludes. What are the Experts suggested ensuring equality? Non-violent relationship with women and men through: †¢Fairness and negotiation; †¢Honesty and accountability; Respect to the women; †¢Trust and support; †¢Shared responsibility; †¢Positive parenting; †¢Non-threatening behavior; †¢ Economic partnership. One question always comes in my mind that physically the same red blood we men and women carry by born, same rights we have in the constitution, but why we cannot be equal as human beings through womenâ€⠄¢s empowerment, establishing gender equity and equality? Steps of preventing that violence: Nevertheless, considering these Women`s Human Rights (WHR) enforcements internationally, multiple forms of violence against women remain high with considerably slow progress (Reilly 2009). Therefore, violence against women is an issue that requires continuous redressing to guarantee women`s full enjoyments of their rights. To promote equal status for women, such violence must be recognised as a Human rights violation requiring immediate actions (Desai et al, 2002, p. 30). Violence against Women (VAW) is the most obvious gender-specific violation of Human Rights, and is a form of discrimination against women. It enforces women`s subordination and patriarchal structures throughout all levels of society, leading to issues such as the undervaluation of women`s economic contributions. VAW is not only embedded in gender norms; gender norms are also constructed through VAW, and â€Å"the low status of women – economically, socially, culturally and politically both constitutes and enables the further denial of human rights in gender-specific ways, often at the hands of family members, male and female† (Reilly, 2009, p. 78). Thus, VAW both reflects and determines gendered social structures (McMillan, 2007). That is why framing VAW as a Human Rights violation requiring immediate action is crucial to challenge the economic, social and cultural marginalisation of women in Bangladesh.

Study Problem free essay sample

Problem # 1 page 397 Firm A has $10,000 in assets entirely financed with equity. Firm B also has $10,000 in assets, but these assets are financed by $5,000 in debt (with a 10 percent rate of interest) and $5,000 in equity. Both firms sell 10,000 units of output at $2. 50 per unit. The variable costs of production are $1, and fixed production costs are $12,000. (To ease the calculation, assume no income tax. ) Firm A Assets 10,000 Firm B Assets 10,000 5,000 in debt at 10% $5,000 in equity Both Firm A and Firm B- sell 10,000 units @ 2. 50 Variable cost- $1 Fixed Cost- $12,000 a. What is the operating income (EBIT) for both firms? Firm A EBIT = Revenue Operating Expenses = $2. 50*10,000 $1*10000 $12,000 = $3,000 Firm B EBIT = Revenue Operating Expenses = $2. 50*10,000 $1*10000 $12,000 = $3,000 b. What are the earnings after interest? The earnings after Interest are: Firm A $3,000-$0=$3,000 Firm B $3,000-10%*$5,000=$3,000-$500=$2,500 c. If sales increase by 10 percent to 11,000 units, by what percentage will each firm’s earnings after interest increase? To answer the question, determine the earnings after taxes and compute the percentage increase in these earnings from the answers you derived in part b. We will write a custom essay sample on Study Problem or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page New Sales = 11000 Firm A EBIT = Revenue Operating Expenses = $2. 50*11,000 $1*11000 $12,000 = $4,500 Earnings After Interest = $4,500 Percentage Increase = ($4,500 $3,000)/$3,000 = 50% Firm B EBIT = Revenue. Operating Expenses = $2. 0*11,000 $1*11000 $12,000 = $4,500 Earning After Interest = $4,500 $500 = $4,000 Percentage Increase = ($4,000 $2,500)/$2,500 = 60% d. Why are the percentage changes different? The percentage changes are different because Firm A is getting an increase of $1,500 in revenues over the earlier value $3,000 Firm B is getting an increase of $1,500 in revenues over the earlier value $2,500 This is the same increase, but original values are different, so the one with less will show a higher percentage change.

Judith Sargent Murray, Early Feminist and Writer

Judith Sargent Murray, Early Feminist and Writer Judith Sargent Murray (May 1, 1751–July 6, 1820) was an early American feminist who wrote essays on  political, social, and religious themes. She was also a gifted poet and dramatist, and her letters, some recently discovered, give insight into her life during and after the American Revolution.  She is especially known for her essays about the American Revolution under the pseudonym The Gleaner and for her feminist essay, On the Equality of the Sexes.   Fast Facts: Judith Sargent Murray Known For: Early feminist essayist, poet, novelist, and dramatistBorn: May 1, 1751 in Gloucester, MassachusettsParents: Winthrop Sargent and Judith SaundersDied: July 6, 1820 in Natchez, MississippiEducation: Tutored at homePublished Works: On the Equality of the Sexes, Sketch of the Present Situation in America, Story of Margaretta, Virtue Triumphant, and The Traveller ReturnedSpouse(s): Captain John Stevens (m. 1769–1786); Rev. John Murray (m. 1788–1809).Children: With John Murray: George (1789) who died as an infant, and a daughter, Julia Maria Murray (1791–1822) Early Life Judith Sargent Murray was born Judith Sargent on May 1, 1751, in Gloucester, Massachusetts, to shipowner and merchant Captain Winthrop Sargent (1727–1793) and his wife Judith Saunders (1731–1793). She was the oldest of the eight Sargent children. At first, Judith was educated at home and learned basic reading and writing. Her brother Winthrop, who was intended to go to Harvard, received a more advanced education at home, but when their parents recognized Judiths exceptional abilities she was allowed to share Winthrops training in classical Greek and Latin. Winthrop went did go on to Harvard, and Judith later noted that she, being female, had no such possibilities. Her first marriage, on October 3, 1769, was to Captain John Stevens, a well-to-do sea captain and trader. They had no children but adopted two of her husbands nieces and one of her own, Polly Odell. Universalism In the 1770s, Judith Stevens turned away from the Calvinism of the Congregational church she was raised in and became involved in Universalism. Calvinists said that only believers could be saved, and nonbelievers were doomed. In contrast, Universalists believed that all human beings could be saved and all people were equal. The movement was brought to Massachusetts by Rev. John Murray, who arrived in Gloucester in 1774, and Judith and her families the Sargents and the Stevens converted to Universalism. Judith Sargent Stevens and John Murray began a long correspondence and respectful friendship: in this she defied custom, which suggested it was suspect for a married woman to correspond with a man who was unrelated to her. By 1775, the Stevens family had fallen into serious  financial difficulties when the American Revolution interfered with shipping and trade, difficulties that may have been heightened by Stevens mismanagement of finances. To help out, Judith began writing; her first poems were written in 1775. Judiths first essay was Desultory Thoughts upon the Utility of Encouraging a Degree of Self-Complacency, Especially in Female Bosoms, which was published in 1784 under the pseudonym Constancia in the Boston periodical, Gentleman and Ladys Town and Country Magazine.  In 1786, Captain Stevens, to avoid debtors prison and in hopes of turning his finances around, sailed to the West Indies, but he died there in 1786. After the death of Captain Stevens, the friendship between John Murray and Judith Stevens blossomed into courtship, and on October 6, 1788, they married.   Travel and a Widening Sphere Judith Sargent Murray accompanied her new husband on many of his preaching tours, and they counted among acquaintances and friends many early leaders of the United States, including John and Abigail Adams, Benjamin Franklins family, and Martha Custis Washington, with whom they sometimes stayed. Her letters describing these visits and her correspondence with friends and relatives are invaluable in understanding the daily life in the federal period of American history. Throughout this period, Judith Sargent Murray wrote poetry, essays, and drama: some biographers suggest the loss of her son in 1790 and her own survival of what would be called postpartum depression today spurred a burst of creativity. Her essay, On the Equality of the Sexes, written in 1779, was finally published in 1790. The essay challenges the prevailing theory that men and women are not intellectually equal, and among all of her writings, that essay established her as an early feminist theorist. She added a letter including her interpretation of the biblical Adam and Eve story, insisting that Eve was equal, if not superior, to Adam. Her daughter, Julia Maria Murray, was born in 1791. Essays and Drama In February, 1792, Murray began a series of essays for the Massachusetts Magazine titled The Gleaner (also her pseudonym), which focused on the politics of the new nation of America as well as religious and moral themes, including womens equality.  One of her common early topics was the importance of educating female children- Julia Maria was 6 months old when her mother began her column. Her novel, The Story of Margaretta, was written in a series among The Gleaner essays. It is the tale of a young woman who falls prey to a sinister lover and rejects him, and she is portrayed not as a fallen woman but rather as an intelligent heroine who is capable of forging an independent life for herself. The Murrays moved from Gloucester to Boston in 1793, where together they founded a Universalist congregation. Several of her writings reveal her role in shaping the tenets of Universalism, which was the first American religion to ordain women. Murray wrote drama first in response to a call for original work by American writers (also directed to her husband, John Murray), and though her plays did not find critical acclaim, they did achieve some popular success. Her first play was The Medium: or Virtue Triumphant, and it opened and quickly closed on the Boston stage. It was, however, the first play dramatized there by an American author. In 1798, Murray published a collection of her writings in three volumes as The Gleaner. She thereby became the first American woman to self-publish a book.  The books were sold on subscription, to help support the family.  John Adams and George Washington were among the subscribers.  In 1802 she helped to found a school for girls in Dorchester. Later Life and Death John Murray, whose health had been frail for some time, had a stroke in 1809 that paralyzed him for the rest of his life.  In 1812, her daughter Julia Maria married a wealthy Mississippian named Adam Louis Bingaman, whose family had contributed somewhat to his education while he lived with Judith and John Murray. By 1812, the Murrays were experiencing painful financial issues. Judith Murray edited and published John Murrays letters and sermons that same year, as Letters and Sketches of Sermons. John Murray died in 1815, and in 1816, Judith Sargent Murray published his autobiography, Records of the Life of the Rev. John Murray. In her last years, Judith Sargent Murray continued her correspondence with her family and friends; her daughter and husband supported her financially in her later life, and she moved to their home in Natchez, Mississippi in 1816. Judith Sargent Murray died on July 6, 1820, in Natchez at the age of 69. Legacy Judith Sargent Murray was largely forgotten as a writer until late in the 20th century. Alice Rossi resurrected On the Equality of the Sexes for a collection called The Feminist Papers  in 1974, bringing it to wider attention. In 1984, Unitarian Universalist minister, Gordon Gibson, found Judith Sargent Murrays letter books in Natchez, Mississippi- books into which she kept copies of her letters. (They are now in the Mississippi Archives.) She is the only woman from that period of time for whom we have such letter books, and these copies have allowed scholars to discover much about not only Judith Sargent Murrays life and ideas, but also about daily life in the time of the American Revolution and early Republic. In 1996, Bonnie Hurd Smith founded the Judith Sargent Murray Society to promote Judiths life and work. Smith provided useful suggestions for details in this profile, which also drew on other resources about Judith Sargent Murray. Sources Field, Vena Bernadette. Constantia: A Study of the Life and Works of Judith Sargent Murray, 1751-1920. Orono: University of Maine Studies, 2012.Harris, Sharon M., ed. Selected Writings of Judith Sargent Murray. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.Murray, Judith Sargent [as Constancia]. The Gleaner: A Miscellaneous Production, Volumes 1–3. Boston: J. Thomas and E.T. Andrews, 1798.Rossi, Alice S., ed. The Feminist Papers: From Adams to de Beauvoir. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1973.Smith, Bonnie Hurd. Judith Sargent Murray and the Emergence of an American Womens Literary Traditions. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Researcher Guide, 2018.Kritzer, Amelia Howe. â€Å"Playing with Republican Motherhood: Self-Representation in Plays by Susanna Haswell Rowson and Judith Sargent Murray.† Early American Literature 31.2, 1996. 150–166.  Ã‚  Skemp, Sheila L. First Lady of Letters: Judith Sargent Murray and the Struggle for Female Independence. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.

Merger Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Merger Control - Essay Example In order to ensure free competition in the Single Market, agreements which not only have a significant effect on the trade between the Member States but also prevent, restrict or distort competition in the Single Market are prohibited by Article 81. Prohibition of behaviour which discourages competition is described in Article 81 (1) of the EC Treaty. In respect of investigations relating to mergers, to determine whether Article 81 EC will be applcable and to justify exceptions to the rule that there exists a distinction between merger control and the general competition law, a casual link must be established between the merger and the restriction of competition. In the absence of such a link, "the relevant coordination of the participants must be assessed in a separate proceeding under Article 81 (1) EC rather than as part of the merger control investigation under the E.C.M.R." An assessment under Article 81 of the EC, leads to the stoppage of the merger from going through and this constitutes an early attack on the parties. Investigation under Article 81 EC results in leaving the concentration untouched and this necessitates the intervention of the European Commission to correct this behaviour. ... The European Commission, while analyzing a merger under Article 81 (1) of the EC, considers in particular whether "two or more participating companies retain to a significant extent activities in the same market as the joint venture, or in a market which is downstream or upstream from that of the joint venture, or in a neighbouring market closely related to the relevant market." The final issue to be decided is whether the coordination, resulting from the creation of the joint venture, enables the participants to eliminate competition in respect of a major portion of the products or services being dealt with. The interstate clause defines the boundary in-between the areas respectively covered by the law of the Member States and the Community law. Agreements which do not affect trade between member states are not covered by Article 81 EC. These agreements are the exclusive domain of the national authorities. This basic test of whether or not interstate trade was affected or not was dealt with by the E.C.J. in Socit Technique Minire v. Maschinenbau Ulm1, the E.C.J. held that "it must be possible to foresee with a sufficient degree of probability on the basis of a set of objective factors of law or of fact that the agreement in question may have an influence, direct or indirect, actual or potential, on the pattern of trade between Member States." In respect of B2Bs, the test developed in Socit Technique Minire v. Maschinenbau Ulm, is apparently cleared without much difficulty, because of the type of the platforms, which function by utilizing the Internet. It is required by Article 81 (1) EC for every agreement to have as its objective or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of fair competition. "The E.C.J. has held that these

Child Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Child Development - Essay Example This is what will be dissertated in the following. The study of child development truly and utterly encompasses that of all the human aspects of human growth from birth to adolescence, and this includes that of the progressive elaboration of the child's intellectual skills; personality development, involving the complex interaction between psychosocial factors and the stage-by-stage development of the body; and socialization, the process by which children adjust to society and its demands. As well, "Child development information can help parents know when they are expecting too much from a child as well as become aware of lags in development that may benefit from professional help." (Child Development Institution, 2006). The child development process begins at birth, and there is one matter that needs to be begun at the birth and then carried on throughout the child's life; this is the fact that you need to play with your child. While children are going to need their own space and thus have play time alone or with other children, research has shown that playtime with parents is truly also essential. Children actually crave playtime with their parents, and playing with your child is a bond that will last forever. There are many benefits that come from playing with your child as well, and that includes the fact that "It lets the child know he or she is loved and appreciatedas wellIt opens the door for sharing problems and concerns when the need arisesfurthermoreIt is also a great stress reducer for overworked parents." (Child, 2006). There are certain development milestones as well that are incredibly important to recognize, and this too begins right from the birth of the child, and then carries on th rough until adolescence. These developmental milestones include that of several different categories in particular, including: motor, speech, vision and hearing, and social development. We will being with the age of 4-6 weeks, which the child should be able to smile at the mother; 6-8 weeks the child should be able to vocalize at least a little bit; at 3 months, the child should be able to hold their head up for prolonged periods, with no grasp reflex, they should be talking a great deal, be able to follow dangling toys from side to side and be able to turn their head around, and they should be able to squeal with pleasure appropriately and discriminate smile; at 5 months, the child should be able to hold head steady, go for objects and get them, enjoy vocal play, smile at their mirror image; at 6 months, the child should be able to transfer objects from one hand to the other, be able to pull self up to sit and be able to sit erect with supports, be able to pronounce double syllable sounds such as 'mumum' and 'dada', localize sound 45cm lateral to either ear, and they may show 'stranger shyness'; at 9-10 months, the child should be wiggling and crawling, they should be able to sit unsupported, and be able to pick up objects with a pincer grasp, they should be ab

Rdms. phase 1 db2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Rdms. phase 1 db2 - Essay Example The second phase focuses on the design of the database model that will support company operations and objectives. In the process of database design, concentration must be placed on the data characteristics required to build the database model. Two views of the data within the system are available the business view of data and the designers' view. RDBLC's second phase also includes data definition. It is also important to note thatthe database design is not a sequential process it is rather an iterative process with continuous feedback. In the conceptual design phase, an abstract structure is created that represents real-world objects in the most realistic way possible. The conceptual model must represent a clear understanding of the business and its functional areas and is software and hardware independent. ii) Entity relationship modeling and normalization (The ER model serves to be a communication tool between technical and non-technical individuals as well as a design blueprint. During normalization the dependencies are checked and data anomalies removed) Logical design is used to translate the conceptual design into the internal model (database schema) for a selected database management system. Therefore, the logical design is obviously software-dependent. III. Physical Design Physical design is the process of selecting the data storage access characteristics of the database. These characteristics are actually the types of devices supported by the hardware, the system, and the DBMS. Therefore the physical design is hardware dependant. It affects not only the location of the data in the storage device(s) but also the performance of the system. 3. Implementation and Loading The relational database and its interfaces are created according to the specification of a logical schema. A new database implementation requires the creation of special storage-related blocks for the placement of end-user tables. During the implementation and loading phase, the security, performance, integrity, backup and recovery, standards, and control issues must also be addressed. 4. Testing Once the data have been loaded into the database, the DBA tests and fine-tunes the database for performance, integrity, concurrent access, and security constraints. The testing and evaluation phase occurs in parallel with applications programming. 5. Operation Once the database has passed the test phase, it is considered to be operational. On the whole all the components the database, its management, its users, and its application programs are in place at this time and represent a complete information system. 6. Maintenance The maintenance phase starts as soon the database is implemented. The database

Thin layer chromatography (TLC)

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) It stands for Thin Layer Chromatography. Its a simple technique used by chemists in separation of Mixtures in addition to supporting the identification of the separated compounds by comparing the Retention Factor of the separated compound with that of a known compound. The TLC plate on which the Thin Layer Chromatography is performed is usually a sheet of glass, aluminum or plastic. Its has a coat of adsorbent material ( known as stationary phase ) such as silica gel, alumina or cellulose. First step is application of the sample to the plate, then in a capillary action- the chemist draws the solvent up the plate. Separation occurs due to the different ascendance rates of analytes on the plate. Advantages of TLC over other types of chromatography Paper Chromatography TLC is faster than paper chromatography. Its more sensitive to many substances. Its preparation is usually sharper. It requires smaller quantity of sample. Potential application of different types of reagents without causing damage to the plate. Column chromatography TLC has smaller apparatus It has more speed Previous points leads to cheaper over all procedure It provides easier measurement of the Retention Factor. The above advantages makes it more suitable for analytical purposes rather than separation purposes. Preparation of TLC plate To prepare the TLC plate, first we must mix a small quantity of an inert substance such as calcium sulfate with adsorbent substance like Silica gel and water. The second step is spreading this mixture on sheet of unreactive substance such as glass or plastic. The third step is activation of the plate that results from the previous procedures by heating it in an oven at 110oC for nearly half an hour. The adsorbent layers thickness depends on the purpose of TLC as in case of analytical purposes, it ranges from 0.1 to 0.25 mm. In case of preparative TLC it ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 mm. Technique A small amount of the samples solution is poured on the plate to cover about one centimeter high from the base. Then the plate is soaked in a convenient solvent like Hexane and put in a container thats well sealed. Using capillary action, the solvent goes up the plate to meet the samples mixture which it helps to move up the plate and dissolves as well. Differences between rates of the compounds in the mixture are because each compound has different affinity to the adsorbent layer (stationary phase) from the other compounds and also each compound has different solubility in the mixture. If the solvent is changed, the compounds can be separated (using Retention Factors value). Applications of TLC in the Pharmaceutical field Thin-layer chromatography technique is used for separation of amino acids that are the main components of antibiotics, enzymes and hormones. TLC-UV spectrometry was used to determine salidroside in 8 Rhodiola species ( Rhodiola is a herb that has been used for long time for treatment of cold and flu symptoms in addition to relieving mental and physical stresses. In China, its recently considered as promising anti-aging drug in addition to having causative agent for improvement of athletic performance and enhancing memory). The combination of advanced chromatographic resolution of 2D-TLC with simple bioautography is used in discovering new natural products that are active against important fungal pathogens of plants. Thin-layer chromatography in addition to HPLC are used for the identification of Pogostemoni herba which is a crude drug and a Kampo medicines-component. TLC-colourimetric was used to estimate free and combined emodine, physcione and chrysophanol in Indian Rhubarb and it turned out to contain (0.07%)of free emodin of (0.08%) of C-glycosidic emodin, (0.30%) of O-glycosidic emodin, (0.40%) of free physcione, (0.18%) of O-glycosidic physcione, (0.17 %) of C-glycosidic physcione, (0.15%) of free chrysophanol, (0.06%) of O-glycosidic chrysophanol and (0.21%) of C-glycosidic chrysophanol. TLC-UV Densitometric method is used in Misai Kucing Capsules for Simultaneous Quantification of Sinensetin and Tetramethoxyflavone. TLC is used for determination of different compounds in analgesic tablets. TLC-densitometric procedure is used for determination of the contents of Plumbagin which is a naphthoquinone that acts as antimalarial , antimalarial , anticancer, cardiotonic and antifertilityaction. Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography is used for the determination of Propranolol in human plasma. Determination of Steroidal Alkaloid Glycosides using Thin-Layer chromatography Immunostaining. TLC is used to determine Phenytoin in pharmaceutical preparations and identify its Hydroxylated Urinary Metabolites. Isolation of antioxidants from Perilla frutescens var. acuta fruit is carried out using TLC. TLC- densitometric method is used to analyse artemisinin in the planlets of Artemisia annua L. TLC is used to detect as well as identify opiates in urine in addition to reveilind adultration in heroin. TLC-Densitometry is used in the Quantitative Analysis of Curcumin, Demethoxycurcumin and Bisdemethoxycurcumin in the Crude Curcuminoid Extract from Curcuma longa.

The Minimum Wage Should Not Be Increased :: Minimum Wage Essays

Although many Americans believe an increase in the minimum wage is always a positive step for the federal government to take, the most recent wage hike could result in some harmful effects. One group potentially hurt by the increased minimum wage is teen-aged workers. Four hundred and eighty thousand teen jobs have been lost due to Congress putting the wage hike into place in 2007 (New Ad Campaign). In 2008, the months June through August, only 32.7 percent of teens had jobs. This is down from 45 percent in June through August 2000, stated by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (Petrecca). In the last 17 years unemployment for American teens has increased a great amount. Presently the unemployment rate is at 24 percent. In one year alone that percent has increased nearly 12 percent. Other ethnicities, such as African Americans, are also feeling the effects of unemployment. Currently the unemployment rate for African American teens is 37.9 percent; that’s four times the National average. These groups of African American teens have been hit the hardest with the unemployment rate increasing 27 percent in one year. According to Kristen Lopez Eastlick, Seni or Research Analyst for the Employment Policies Institute, â€Å"The unintended consequence of the federal minimum wage hike is pricing some employees out of the workforce, and based on the recent unemployment data, it’s teens-minority teens especially-who are getting hit the hardest† (Are Summer Jobs). John Silva, chief economist at Wells Fargo said, â€Å"It’s tough timing†, he anticipates that teenagers and those who are less qualified will have the hardest time finding work. â€Å"You’re going to have a very negative response. In a recession like this, companies don’t have the pricing power to pass on those costs† (Maher). Congress increasing minimum wage was meant to help those people who are getting paid right at the minimum wage level. But, if people can’t even get a job that pays minimum wage then the new law is hurting more than it’s helping. Works Cited â€Å"Are Summer Jobs ‘Going Out of Business?† Science Letter 21 July 2009: 2887.

European Films & An Analysis Essay

Films are products of culture. It is a culture woven into a piece of art. Films are like mirrors reflecting certain cultures, and these cultures in turn, are also affected back by these films in which they relate to. In fact, film is considered as one great type of art because of its effectiveness in influencing its audience or film viewers. It is therefore very important to be careful of what should be shown to the viewers though films because of the possible effects that it can do to the public, a social entity that is reemerging from the film with a well-defined historical and contemporary roles and functions. This public is where the film audiences also came from and, audience, is the group where the film is appealing to, influencing them, their thoughts, their ideas and their beliefs as they see their own culture unfolds before them in front of the screen through the motion pictures. It is actually difficult to visualize an instituted and strengthened public/national identity without reinforcement between or among those who are sharing this national identity. The role of films therefore is to relay the information back to those individuals with shared identity, values, culture and many other things in â€Å"their sense of common cultural memory or mutual belonging†1 according to David Forgacs, stated in the book of Ricci. With this high sensibility to the public, more often than not, governments take some, or even much, precautions before allowing some release of films by regulating them or, sometimes, governments take advantage of the films to promote their national goals through the encouragement of some themes in them in exchange to some benefits and privileges given to filmmakers. II. Major European Nations and Their Films It is important to understand that films are generally regulated. Some institutions located in a country or region into where the film is based or created, or the culture of that region or area where the film relates to, must also be considered in the creation of that certain film. Films must also be paralleled or must be aligned with the whims of the regulatory bodies controlling them, or else they cannot be approved for public release and viewing. At present day, these regulations are apparent to some directives given by governing bodies such as the European Union (EU) in European countries. Some of the directive’s provision includes statement such as: †broadcasters reserve for European works the majority proportion of their transmission time†2. This is the general directive. Each country however has their respective ways of regulating and directing their own film industries as well as the films that are to be shown in their respective territories, both in the past and presently. In English film industry in the early eightees, before Thatcher’s intervention, it â€Å"had been generally expected that a Labour government would increase state support for film in recognition of its cultural, and not just commercial, worth† 3 (Hill 1996, 101) Another film industry that can be seen as controlled, making the art as a means to encourage national goals, is seen in the French national film industry where there are quotas as to the percentage of European and American/foreign films that may be shown to the public, and this is claimed to be in accordance with cultural preservation of European values. In Italy however, films are freer and without so much restrictions imposed upon their approval and release to the public. In the early 1920’s Soviet era, foreign films were even utilized for the purpose of its own â€Å"industry’s recovery†. 4 The following section focuses on major European nations and their national film forms in depth analyses in their institutional context. This includes the English, French and Italian film industries among others. III. Selected European Films in Their Institutional Context As the Second World War approached, it was believed that the film productions in European areas were random. That was history. Today, aside from the umbrella rules of the recent EU Directive, each nation, especially the greater ones, have their own sets of rules and policies, as well as style and culture in their respective film industries. The following are major European countries/areas and how their respective film industries are with respect to institutional context/

Free Essays on China Environmet

China and the Environment: Air Pollution and the Secrecy Concerns by local and some national-level officials about public reaction to news of the worsening of environmental conditions has delayed implementation of the 1989 PRC Environmental Law which requires regular environmental reports by all levels of government until 1997. The 1989 PRC Environmental Law stipulates â€Å"The departments with administrative responsibility for environmental protection of the State Council, each province, autonomous region and municipality directly subject to the central government should periodically publish reports on the environmental situation†. The State Council has for several years issued annual reports about the state of the environment in the PRC. Local governments however, with the notable exception of Shenyang in China’s northeast, have long resisted informing their citizens about local environmental conditions. Why Did Local Officials Keep Air Pollution Secret? Many local officials have strongly opposed implementing the requirement of the 1989 NPC law calling for regular reports on the environment are made to the public. Many local environmental bureau officials, with the notable exception of Shenyang officials, favored environmental secrecy in interviews published over one year ago in a February 1997 issue of the PRC magazine Sanlian Life Weekly [Sanlian Shenghuo Zhoukan]. The article was published before Shanghai and twenty-seven other cities began releasing regular environmental notices to the mass media beginning in May 1997. The interviews give a good picture of the local government attitudes that NEPA and other environmental players such as Qu Geping in Beijing have had to overcome. 1997 Brought Much Greater Openness on Air Pollution A big change came about during 1997. A Guangdong Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) official told ESTOFF in September 1997 that air quality figures for Guangdong cities were confidential until p... Free Essays on China Environmet Free Essays on China Environmet China and the Environment: Air Pollution and the Secrecy Concerns by local and some national-level officials about public reaction to news of the worsening of environmental conditions has delayed implementation of the 1989 PRC Environmental Law which requires regular environmental reports by all levels of government until 1997. The 1989 PRC Environmental Law stipulates â€Å"The departments with administrative responsibility for environmental protection of the State Council, each province, autonomous region and municipality directly subject to the central government should periodically publish reports on the environmental situation†. The State Council has for several years issued annual reports about the state of the environment in the PRC. Local governments however, with the notable exception of Shenyang in China’s northeast, have long resisted informing their citizens about local environmental conditions. Why Did Local Officials Keep Air Pollution Secret? Many local officials have strongly opposed implementing the requirement of the 1989 NPC law calling for regular reports on the environment are made to the public. Many local environmental bureau officials, with the notable exception of Shenyang officials, favored environmental secrecy in interviews published over one year ago in a February 1997 issue of the PRC magazine Sanlian Life Weekly [Sanlian Shenghuo Zhoukan]. The article was published before Shanghai and twenty-seven other cities began releasing regular environmental notices to the mass media beginning in May 1997. The interviews give a good picture of the local government attitudes that NEPA and other environmental players such as Qu Geping in Beijing have had to overcome. 1997 Brought Much Greater Openness on Air Pollution A big change came about during 1997. A Guangdong Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) official told ESTOFF in September 1997 that air quality figures for Guangdong cities were confidential until p...

The Confederate Flag of the CSS Virginia Essays

The Confederate Flag of the CSS Virginia Essays The Confederate Flag of the CSS Virginia Essay The Confederate Flag of the CSS Virginia Essay The Confederate Flag of the CSS Virginia: The Stars and Bars were the first official flag of the Confederacy. Although a striking likeness is shared between this flag and to the Unions Stars and Stripes, the symbols are representations of two nations at war; two very different places and mindsets. The Confederate Stars and Bars were flown from March, 1861, to May, 1863 and throughout that time this flag would gain stars at the same rate that the confederacy gained states into their union, until a final count of thirteen. The Stars and Bars were flown as the Confederate Nations battle ensign during many battles f the Civil War, including the battle between ironclads, a world-changing battle that took place between the CSS Virginia and the US Monitor at Hampton Roads, Virginia. A battle ensign is the badge of a warship, worn before the ship enters battle, it is the indicator to enemies that conflict is on its way. This flag is the source of pride for its mother nation and for the crew aboard her; it is a source of hatred and fear for those who intend to battle against her. A battle ensign is always rescued, if possible, from a sinking ship and is bestowed with honor upon a senior officer. If the flag is derived from a battle ship with a particularly heroic history it is saved and displayed in a place where it can be admired and revered. The Stars and Bars of the CSS Virginia reside, for this reason, in the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond Virginia. This flag is the only surviving symbol of a warship that was in itself, a symbol for a new era in the methods of naval battle and ship construction. The Stars and Bars of the CSS Virginia represent a war-ship of world altering consequences. The US Merrimack was a steam frigate, found by the confederate army after they overtook the abandoned Norfolk Navy Yard in 1861 after the commonwealth of Virginia seceded from the Union. The effort to completely destroy the yard was unsuccessful and the Merrimack lay, only half destroyed, in water too shallow for her to completely burn. Fortunately, the ships engines and hull had been spared from flame and remained mostly intact. The confederates, namely Confederate Secretary of the Navy, Stephen R. Mallory saw this as an opportunity; a plan was drawn up to salvage the only partially sunk and partially burned frigate Bourne Jar. , Joel K, Iron vs Oak National Geographic . 01 Mar. 2006:137 . The fact that her engines were unharmed made the ship too valuable an asset to let waste and the Confederates knew that an ironclad ship would be an important tool, Mallory was quoted as saying l regard the possession of an iron-armored ship as a matter of the first necessity. Such a vessel at this time could traverse the entire coast of the United States, prevent blockades, and encounter, with a fair prospect of success, their entire Navy. 2 Quarantines, V, John.. Proving the power of IRON over WOOD. Naval History. 01 Par. 2012:26. The US Merrimack, now in confederate hands, was armed, plated in an iron exoskeleton and outfitted with an iron ram on her bow. The ship was commissioned as the CSS Virginia in February 1862 but with all of the alterations, it was nearly impossible to maneuver. Limitations aside, the ironclad was the Confederacy only hope in the battle against the feared US Monitor, a fast, agile and equally outfitted ironclad from the many Union newspapers reporting on the Virginia, it said We learn, by the way of Washington, that the frigate Merrimac, which was sunk at the burning of the Norfolk Navy Yard has been raised, strengthened and armed by the Confederates, who have ad the audacity to make a trial trip in her, almost within gun shot of Fortress Monroe. It is reported that the Merrimac is expected to become a formidable opponent when put in order for battle. 3 The Valley Spirit. War and other News. 16, Cot. 1861 It would not be long before the Monitor met its Confederate counterpart and the anticipation would be put to rest. The final battle of the CSS Virginia took place at Hampton Roads, Virginia. The ship had seen battle there the day prior when it came up unexpectedly on the Union battleships the Congress and Cumberland. 4 Phillips, B. , Dwindle, Notes on the Monitor-Merrimac fight. The Southern Bivouac. March, The Southern Bivouac. March, thesis would be the first time that the confederate iron-clad would see real battle and Flag Officer Franklin Buchanan, knew that The control of the Roads was critical to Lincoln blockade of southern ports and Union plans to attack the Confederate capital at Richmond. l With this knowledge, Officer Buchanan prepared his crew to destroy the U. S. Ships. The Virginia managed to sink the Cumberland through the use of her bow-ram, which ripped open a hole large enough to admit a horse and cart4 into the side of the Union ship. Also, she arced the Congress to send up a white flag, due to the fact that the artillery of the Union ships were no match for the strong shell of the confederate hull; every shot fired from the Virginia to the Congress had much more effect than those fired back. The two Union ships were boarded by the confederate army and prisoners were taken. Later this same afternoon the CSS Virginia met up with the US Minnesota, she was run aground in the middle of the channel but due to the ebb tide the Virginia let the ship escape until morning in fear of grounding herself and instead, spent the night in the south channel to Swells Point. As dawn broke on the morning of March 9th a dawn was breaking, also, on a new day of maritime-battle. On this day the Virginia would wake to find that the Minnesota was no longer alone in the channel and was now being protected by the US Monitor who would act as a shield for the Minnesota because the loss of this ship would bring even more panic to the Union as confidence in the Navy would be tarnished slightly. For the entirety of the day the two ironclads would clash, the Minnesota would be untouched thanks to the Monitor and the end of the day would result in a veritable draw. Neither warship would be able to feat the other although injuries were sustained on both sides, the Ironclads were both able to leave the battle under their own power and no white flag was ever flown. The two ships had differences in construction but where the Monitor lacked, the Virginia was strong and vice versa. The two powers were equally matched. There are three criterion for a ship to be called an Iron-clad, it must use steam propulsion, it must fire explosives and it must be covered in a skin of strong iron. Prior to the Ironclad, war on the water was dependent on ships on the line and frigates; the heavy and strong and the light and fast. The ships on the line: of the 17th and 18th centuries were the big guns of battle, these were the ships with the most heavy artillery most often, the heaviest ship of the line would be the battle victor. These vessels would carry more than one hundred guns and a crew of hundreds of men. Popularity; this new tactic caused navies worldwide to have to conform to a new tactic called a line of battle. This line was a description of the configuration of warring ships; enemies would sit side by side now, instead of converging in large groups toward one another as they did in the 16th and early 17th centuries, and fire cannons abeam. Contrastingly, a frigate was a ship too small to fight on the battle line. These ships were valued for their invulnerability, they were armed, but not heavily and were used for patrolling. The frigate was in constant use and seein g constant action. It was the frigate that would eventually morph into the iron-clad because their already light-weight would be suitable for the addition of more mass (in the form of armor. ) The first fight of iron-class was on March 9th 1862 and although it was not a tide-turning battle of the American Civil War and it did not result in an overwhelming victory for either the Union or the Confederacy it did two ere important things for the world and for the war. The US Monitor was practically unscathed by the biting attempts of the Virginia to take it down but the damaged incurred by the Virginia to the Cumberland and Congress on the day before its scuttle with the Monitor sent the Union into a frenzy. So worried was the north, that an emergency cabinet meeting was called my President Lincoln to discuss the Virginia and what kind of threat she posed to the Union Navy. 5 Quarantines, V, John.. The CSS Virginia: Sink Before Surrender. The senior U. S Navy officer, Flag officer Louis M. Goldbricks, was fixated on the Virginia and rumored to be suffering from ram fever or Merrimac on the brain due to the disruption the confidence that the confederate iron-clad brought to the Union. 6 Nichols, Roy F. , Robert Underworld Johnson, and Clarence Slough Blue. From Sumter to Shiloh: Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Volume 1 ; Being for the Most Part Contributions by Union and Confederate Officers. New York: T. Housefly, 1956. Print. Also, and more importantly, the battle at Hampton Roads sent an important message to the world; it was witnessed by tens of thousands of troops in ships and on shore, including military observers from Europel and for the first time the world powerhouses had a glimpse of what the naval warfare of the future would look like. Gone were the days where wooden behemoths were the key to success, no longer was it important to be able to haul weaponry en masses, hundreds of men werent necessary for Just one ship. No longer would a small, wooden, agile ship have a chance at survival against the maritime battering ram called an ironclad. The news was heard around the world as entire navies became obsolete in the course of a day. On this day, March 9th 1862 the powerhouses of Britain and France scrambled to rebuild their forces. On the subject of this changing world the London Times said Whereas we had available for immediate purposes one hundred and forty-nine first-class war-ships, we now have two, these two being the Warrior and her sister Ironsides. There is not now a ship in the English Ana apart from these two that it would not be madness to trust to an engagement with that little Monitor. 7 Frigates the world over would be reborn and ships of the line would fade into history. The Virginia was taken to dry dock after its engagement with the Monitor, and after repairs made it back out to patrol the eaters. The Virginia would patrol for a few months longer, waiting in vain for another chance at the Monitor. The Confederates would not get their much anticipated final Virginia and instead try to blockade them into the James River. On the morning of May 10th, 1962 the Virginia and her crew would wake to find that all of Norfolk had been over-run by union troops. Their position as guard was no longer necessary and no one had bothered to tell them! Eventually and for the days following, the Virginia would be stripped of all but some ammunition, in the hopes that her twenty-two foot raft could be lessened to a much more manageable eighteen feet of depth in order for the ship to be able to make its way out of the James River; it was thought that the best option for the Virginia was to get her to Richmond to help in the defense of that city. The draft was eventually achieved but at too much a cost, the fact had to be faced that the ship was no longer a sea-worthy vessel and in her lightened state she had two feet of unprotected hull showing above the waterline. In the end, under the command of Commodore Josiah Atonal the battle ship was grounded and burned in he harbor off of Carneys Island in order to prevent her capture by the Union Ana and her battle ensign was removed. The end of this iron-clad only signified the end of a single heroic ship. Throughout the lifespan of the Virginia many iterations of the Confederacy battle ensign that would have been flown at her stern during conflict. The Stars and Bars of the Virginia have found their home in the Confederate White House, now known as the Museum of the Confederacy in Richmond, Virginia. It is one of only two surviving artifacts from the ship at the museum (an original anchor was excused from the wreck in more recent years and decorated the lawn of the museum for a short time). The Confederate White House is a fitting place for these Stars and Bars to be housed, there, they Join a host of other artifacts of the American Civil War and are held in high esteem. The stars and bars of a ship could be argued to be the single best representation of the ship it flew on; it is the embodiment of the soul of the vessel because while it flies, it is clear to anyone that can see it of the heroic intention of its mother ship. At the battle of Hampton roads, as the world watched he wooden navies of the world die and saw as a new age of iron-clad battle was ushered into the global arena, they without a doubt saw the red, white and blue confederate stars and bars flying high above the Virginia the entire time. The Virginia was the confederacy only answer to the iron-clad Monitor. Without it, the Monitor would have gone unchallenged and the confederacy would have been more swiftly beaten.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Case Study - Essay Example Despite serious social movement of the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) community in recent decades, the minority of people are still fighting for equality. And in this fight corporations are extremely important in terms of the LGBT community acknowledgement because they can provide their employees with decent support and do it more profoundly than country and local authorities (LGTB Manual, 2010). There are few companies that are able to risk their reputation, unless their reputation is so immaculate, and make such a contradictory issue as accepting non-traditional sexual orientation of the employees in company`s policy. Such companies receive unnecessary attention and their public relations sphere is suffering. In such a situation Disney, the company specializing on the children`s entertainment content and supporting homosexuality acknowledgment at working places looks absolutely extraordinary (Tully, 2013). However, Disney was and remains such company, and despite its worldwide success it is being accused of promoting immoral values to future generation. Reasonably it raises a lot of questions regarding the place of homosexuality propaganda in a corporate world and especially in children`s content. However, Disney manages to communicate to the world that their policy is grounded on higher values such as equality, acceptance, and diversity, and sticking to these goals can se rve as the most important factor. Moreover, Disney`s internal policy of visibility is coherent with its external representation which proves that the company has well-elaborated policy and know what image to create in consumers` perception. Disney was established in 1923 by two brothers, Walter and Roy Disneys, as a small cartoon studio in California. Today this multinational corporation is one of the biggest Hollywood studios and is the owner of 11 theme parks around the planet, two aqua parks, and several broadcasting companies. The company`s main product was

The Gospels--Mark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Gospels--Mark - Essay Example Based on the reading in your text, what would be your argument for/against this belief? I would disagree with a person that said the blessing of the children advocated infant baptism. The context of the blessing was simply a way for Jesus to show that children were of worth in the sight of God. Baptism, on the other hand, is an expression of faith that involves the making of covenants with God. Infants cannot reason at this level, therefore I do not fell that Jesus blessing children was a mandate for infant baptism. Verse 21 is most important according to Brooks because this is where it is indicated that Jesus spoke to the rich young man with love, not condemnation. This indicates the tone that Jesus took towards the rich. Jesus loved everyone. He also indicated that it was the trust in riches that was the real sin, not the riches themselves. Much of the specific nature concerning the passion prediction in Mark centers on the anointing of Christ with oil. In other versions, it is clear that Jesus hints at his passing and that he will soon not be able to be with his disciples. In Mark, he clearly states that he is going to die and that the anointing has happened, as a prelude to is impending burial. 5. When James and John requested that they be seated in the most prominent places in Jesus glory, He asked them if they could drink the cup He drank or be baptized with the baptism He was baptized with. Some scholars believe these were no the words of Christ, but from the early church. Based on your reading, present your argument for or against these words being inserted in Scripture by the early church after the resurrection of Christ. I would argue that these words were Christ’s because they are in keeping with the message that he had been teaching to his disciples all along. He had been reminding them that he would not always be with them, that he would be going away and that he would leave a Comforter to

Cost Accounting Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cost Accounting - Case Study Example Thus for a manager, who has an authoritative style of leadership like the said CEO, could get things even without consulting managers or employees who can can readily agree. However, the budgeting process should theoretically and practically require participation from middle and even lower managers to be effective. Managers may not just be working for their pay. They are also human beings who would prefer that their contribution to the organization should also be recognized and valued by management by making them part of the decision-making process. Although a chief executive officer must plan, organize and controls activities, at the same time he must also lead people in the organization toward attainment of objectives. As manager, he influences his subordinates, who cannot be presumed to lack creativity. Subordinates or followers may even contribute for the improvement of the plan because at the planning stage the CEO can sense possible problems that they have and strategies on how to counter them can become material part of the budget process. A typical organization has functional areas or departments with conflicting interests and priorities as the process essentially requires making an optimum use of the limited resources. The budget process entails managers to use resources which are tied with activities and that are needed to attain set objectives. If the middle and lower managers are not consulted in budget process, they would most probably not support fully the goals per budget as set by the CEO. It must be noted that a good CEO is good delegator (ZweigWhite ,2010) and this is the essence of an organization person. Setting the goals and just telling his subordinates to strive for their attainment would be an act of lack of trust to his lower managers. If the said CEO realizes that his people would prefer to decide with him, working with the

The channels of communications Essay Example for Free

The channels of communications Essay Media is the name given to the channels of communications, which a society uses to speak to itself. It includes newspapers, magazines, adverts, television, cinema and radio. In fact, it is a mass of individual contact points between communication tools and human beings. As you see, a large part of media products are playing a key role in our life. However it hasnt been identified whether it is good or bad, and as we begin to understand the media, we realise that it can be as equally useful as well as worthless sometimes. The media provides information to educate, to inform or simply to entertain its audience. The importance of the media is to publish the message worldwide, so that it can become popular. This is achieved by certain key concepts such as presentation, language and audience. A well presentation is brought up by using techniques through working on colours, style, format, font, size and so on. Looking at language, we explore the words and images that the medium uses to communicate with its users. It is essential to choose the right words and images in order to attract the audience. Media uses its powerful strength on the audience, through what is known as audience positioning. Different types of media have their own-targeted audience. They all have a way of addressing, their purposes to their viewers to encourage them to believe what its says. For instance a mens lifestyle magazine aims at a reader who is 35 years old, middle -aged. A fashion magazine focuses mainly at women and teenagers because those are the people that are interested in their issues. From this you can see that articles can be about the topic of work, marriage life, cars, and driving and maybe about care of young children. There are thousands of newspapers published in the U. K and all over the world. They can all be divided into different categories to what information they cover; such as National daily papers, National Sunday Newspaper, Regional papers and Specialist newspaper. National daily papers, everyone is familiar with the Sun, Guardian, Mirror, Times and so on. They are published each night and are on the news stands every morning expect on Sundays. They can also be separated into two groups such as Broadsheet newspapers and Tabloid newspapers. Broadsheet newspapers are targeted at those who like more realistic approaches to news. Their articles focus more on including political and foreign items. However their publication is less popular than the tabloids. Tabloid newspapers are aimed at people who are just expecting amusement from newspaper. Although they do cover some news, they tend to contain more gossip, personality issues, shorter articles and more pictures than text. Moreover they often refuse and neglect the idea of publishing political and foreign news. By investigating these issues this essay will be based on how language, content and presentation has been conveyed in newspaper. Most newspapers are either broadsheet or tabloid in format and I will use this to explore the difference between Tabloid newspaper s and broadsheet newspapers. The Guardian and the Sun, by analysing and concentrating their front covers. Presentation takes the form of words, images or symbols. The process of working on an image or a symbol is to convey our understanding of media message. This presented differently in each newspaper, simply because there are different types of audience that they have to target. For example, broadsheet papers have more text on the front page than tabloid paper. This is maybe because they have wider pages. However the design and layout of broadsheet and tabloid newspapers are very different in many ways. The Sun paper tends to be brasher in presentation. They use large headlines and big pictures. The masthead is represented by bold enormous writing on red back round. Using red colour, which connotes a sense of danger, and so in effect we become exited and attract. The title Sun suggests that the paper will shine as the sun does bringing us a scene of happiness and enjoyment. The headline why did she have to die? refers to a young girl beaten to death. It uses rhetorical questioning to convey a message in order to market the product, to the readers of the newspaper. They typed the title as a question to attract the audience so that they will read on to find the answer. As well as, this dramatic question appeals to those who like to read tragic stories. Yet again, they present the headline as in white, bold letters on black background to draw the readers attention. Subheadings use bold writing to suggest that she was let down. They have also typed in capital letters whereas the Guardian uses small letters. This gives readers more information about the event and also influence them to find out more. There is just one column of text in the Sun article and a large photograph of the young girl dominates the article. The girl has a little smile on her which conjures the image of the sun shining, then when u realise that this pure little sun shine has lost her life, it brings up a sympathetic value in readers mind. At this point the reader becomes emotionally involved arousing their interest. Further more the photographs have been used partly because they are visually interesting rather than because they are newsworthy. As we see, the front cover of the Sun paper has been designed to people who want to scan the news quickly, in order to have a good idea about the events happening around them without giving up great amount of time to read lengthily articles. The presentation of the article in the Guardian is less effective than the article in the Sun at attracting the readers attention. They give very little importance to eye catching the audience, but they are more standard and are strict on providing the news rather that some sort of gossip. It is controversial. The masthead is in bold black writing on white back round. The black and white colour is there to give a formal and serious look. The name Guardian suggests to look after the needs of its audience. The headline: You can hide, general, but you cant run is longer, therefore the powerful message is no as quick. Despite this, the headline is straight to the point and creates shock. It takes more time to make the audience read on. As we see it is more informative rather than startling. Yet they use black and white handwriting to make the thought simple. The subheadings are presented in bold and very small writings and not capital letters as well as that they help you to understand what the article is about. The Guardian uses two photographs whereas the Sun only uses one. The first picture is very big and it helps the reader to visualise the scene of how General Augusto Pinochet appear. It expresses the feelings of tension and sadness on his face. This brings up the interest and causes readers to become emotionally involved. This picture obviously draws, peoples attention to agree with. The other picture is quite small and it also relates to the article. In fact the photographs are used to illustrate the story rather that used as stories in their own right. As we see the Guardian paper concentrates more on delivering accurate information, than presenting it in a way that will instantly attract the attention of readers. The content also takes an important place of targeting the individuals audience. Newspapers develop their own nature through the type of story they print. The Sun paper has chosen a tragic story for its front page, which is a death about a five-year old girl Lauren. She has been horribly abused by her mothers lover, which result in death. The officials spent three months holding a meeting about saving her. This story is obviously interpreted as shocking, tragic and dramatic. The opening paragraph, immediately engages the readers, and makes the feel empathy. It makes readers feel extra concern, as the fact that a young girl from their country has died makes the tragedy feel closer to home and brings the thoughts of their own problems. In effect they feel more emotional. As we can see there are more opinions than facts. The article is biased against her mothers lover because of the owners personal opinion supports the young girl. The Guardian paper has chosen a political story about the general leader Pinochet, who has been forced to move from the country. As we see this topic is very serious and informative, also the article is very detailed. At a glance, they provide more facts than opinions, as well as that the article is not biased because the argument is not only argued for one side. The article in the Sun is the only article on the front page; this ensures that another does not distract the reader. But in the Times, there are several other articles with the main article; this draws the readers attention away from the main headline into the others. The Sun uses a bold, thick border around the article, making it stand out further. The Times doesnt have a border, use colour boxes above and underneath the articles, to make it impressionable, yet is less effective as it doesnt apply around the whole page. The Sun article has aimed at very broad audience. Its simplistic enough to reach a wider audience, with short simple facts about the situation. Other than, it requires more information and more informal in sequence to meet the needs of a more intellectual people. In whatever circumstance media does not communicate with only words but with pictures and images. A large part of a newspapers identity is the language that it uses in its stories. The type of words used in the articles play an important role in the way it addresses its audience. The Sun paper uses very casual and shortened words, which help create a chatty, friendly tone. Also the language is very informal, as how people use language through a conversation; moreover they tend to use onomatopoeia, for example, cruel instead of badness, and punch and slapped instead of hurt, as an advantage to alert readers as the text becomes alive creating musicality in a sense. They refer to characters by nicknames, like her mothers evil lover, her mother and a neighbour. They often fail to extant the language in grammar or standard. Since they want to hold the attention of the readers without using long sentences or either difficult vocabulary, for the reason that, it has to be understand by lower educated people as well as to the intelligent people. The language used in Guardian tends to be formal. They contain more long and complex sentences. Headlines are in straight forward, in that they rarely use emotive or humour words. Use of difficult vocabulary is to put together the paper more standard. People in the stories have been given their proper titles such as Gen Pinochet, Mr Straw and Mr Artaza. The Guardian has aimed towards a more intellectual people. This is mainly because of the language, the language and word structure is much more good. In addition, the simple layout and the story with more facts and information for the content make the paper brighter.