The Nature of Aggression (or is it Nurture) Essay

The Nature of Aggression (or is it Nurture?) Every night on the news there are reports about murders, wars, and rapes. But the news isnt the only place where people encounter violent or aggressive behavior. Driving home from work, people get cut off and cussed at on a daily basis. At school, children fight over who will be the first in the lunch line. On the street, people get pushed out of the way if they are not walking fast enough. The list could go on and on and on. The point is that humans exhibit aggressive behavior on a regular basis. However, does anyone know why people display these behaviors? Why do certain people seem more aggressive? Is there just one thing that controls when and how aggressive someone becomes? These are†¦show more content†¦The nature vs. nurture topic has been a continuing debate for many aspects of human behavior, including aggression. There have been many studies indicating that chemical relationships between serotonin, testosterone, and frontal lobe brain chemistry may play a key role in determining aggressive behavior, while other studies have explored environmental and societal factors that have been said to control patterns in human aggression. The argument for nature surrounds the possible biological reasons for why human aggression is exhibited. The reasons for why there is aggressive behavior in humans include a range of hypotheses. Aggression may have a chemical, hormonal, or genetic basis. Research has shown that stimulation of certain parts of animals brains leads to aggression. Stimulation of other parts stops aggression (1). Some researches believe that it stems from low levels of serotonin. Terrie Moffitt and colleagues studied the blood serotonin levels of 781 21-year-old men and women. The researchers report that in this study, elevated whole blood serotonin was characteristic of violent men. (Low brain levels of serotonin, but high levels of blood serotonin, are associated with behavior disorders-apparently because of serotonins different origin and function in blood and brain.) The violent mens mean serotonin level was .48 standard deviations (SD) above the norm for males as a group, and .56 SD above the mean f or non-violent men. AmongShow MoreRelatedAggression Is It ‘Nature’ or ‘Nurture’2434 Words   |  10 PagesAggression is it ‘Nature’ or ‘Nurture’ During our lifetime every one of us feels anger and aggression occasionally, some more than others, maybe as a child in the play ground or later as an adult when somebody cuts you up when you are driving along. But what causes anger and aggression and why do we all suffer from it? Well there are lots of different theories to what causes aggression and where aggressive behaviour comes from. So throughout this essay I will examine the different concepts and theoriesRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture: Genetics vs Environment1617 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch about. The nature vs. nurture topic has been a continuing debate for many aspects of human behavior, including aggression/violent behavior and criminal behavior. There have been many studies indicating that chemical relationships between hormones and the frontal lobe of the brain may play a key role in determining aggressive behavior as well as genetics, while other studies have explored environmental and social factors that have been said to control patterns in human aggression. Aggressive/violentRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : Nature Versus Nurture1337 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs. Nurture There are many different ways that behavior can be explained, especially on the terms of nature vs. nurture. Aggression is a behavior that has been extensively analyzed in a complex manner and the causes of it can be explained many different ways. Aggression can be defined as hostile or destructive behavior that can cause injury or destructive outlook especially when caused by frustration. Nature can be defined as aspects of behavior that have been inherited or are genetic, whileRead MorePsychology, Nature Vs. Nurture971 Words   |  4 Pagesthese are forms of aggression, but does anyone stop and think why we are that way? The answer is found in the classic debate in Psychology, Nature vs. Nurture. Aggression is caused by learned behavior, not through genetics. There are two sides of this debate, Nature and Nurture. Nature refers to something that you’re born with and are not able to change. People that follow this are called Nativists. They believe that the traits that you have are passed down through genetics. Nurture means that yourRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : The Biological Approach962 Words   |  4 Pages Nature vs Nurture is something that has been researched for many years especially when it comes to finding the reason for someone committing a crime. When talking about nature, I am talking about how you are born. The genes that you are born with that make you who you are. When referring to nurture I am talking about how someone is raised. Such as the environment you live in and what is taught to you. As humans we cannot control our nature it is simply what you are born with. When you are born youRead MoreThe Effect Of Environmental And Genetics On The Development Of A Person1000 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of psychology is the debate of whether or not ones environment or genetic background plays more of a role in the development of a person. Both nature and nurture have been proven to play an important role in one’s development. Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the i nfluence of external factors after conception e.g. the product of exposure, experience and learning on an individual. ThroughoutRead MorePosition Paper: Aggression847 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical assault and aggression is the second leading cause of death among 14 to 17 year olds, next to vehicular accidents (Loeber). But why are humans so aggressive in the first place? There are two sides of the debate: Nature, and Nurture. Some say that it’s human nature, genetics that cause most behaviors, while others say that we act as we learned during childhood. This argument applies to aggression as well. Aggression is mainly caused by things during childhood and adolescence where peopleRead MoreHow Nature And Nurture Influence Substance Abuse1259 Words   |  6 PagesFrom John Locke’s blank slate to modern scientists arguments, nature versus nurture is one of the most debated topic in psychology. Nature refers to genes and hereditary features that plays a role in a personâ €™s growth, whereas nurture refers to any environmental stimuli that contribute to the development of behaviors. A lot of people though believe that nature and nurture are separate, only one can influence a person. In this modern era, majority of experts and people will now agree that both equallyRead More Gender Differences and Gender Stereotypes from a Psychological Perspective1085 Words   |  5 Pagesgender differences. The majority of people seem to believe that males are more aggressive than females. Aggression, is defined as behavior intended to harm another person. Aggression can be found in physical behavior and verbal behavior. The difference in the degree of aggression between the two genders seems much more obvious in people’s youth. Young boys are known to fight a lot, but there aggression seems to fade as they mature. There have been many studies involving gender differences in aggressiveRead MoreNature Versus Nurture Has Been A Big Debate In The Past1433 Words   |  6 Pages Nature versus nurture has been a big debate in the past few years. Debates and arguments from both sides has its own statements which makes their side stronger. Some argue that it is in the genetics if a person is intelligent where some state the opposite, that surroundings make a person intelligent which improves them in a person mentally and physically. In the 1950s psychologist Harry Harlow studied the effects of maternal deprivation on the development of baby monkeys. Some philosophers such

Employee Engagement Human Resource Management - 1049 Words

Employee engagement is burning topic for HR, with almost 40% of HR professionals stating this was the most pressing issue of the day (Society for Human Resource Management, 2015). The reason for this attention is that only 13% of employees stat they are â€Å"engaged† with 63% â€Å"not engaged† and 24% â€Å"actively disengaged† (Crabtree, 2013). Furthermore, in a knowledge economy, employees are the product of the business. Determining and predicting the employee-value proposition as to engagement continuum contributes to the overall culture (Harris, Craig, Light, 2010). Happier employees create happy customers, and more revenue (Davenport, Harris, Shapiro, 2010). Employee engagement is evolving from an old-fashion annual survey of generic questions to a continuous assessment of passion and alliance which reflect â€Å"simply irresistible† organizations (Bersin, The five elements of a simply irresistible organization, 2014) (Jensen, 2014) (Hoffma n, Casnocha, Yeh, 2014). Companies and vendors measure autonomy, mastery, purpose, coaching, and inclusion. GE is piloting a company created an app, PD@GE, that incorporates two-way â€Å"fast feedback† between employees and managers (Nisen, 2015). Kanjoya offers a similar product with natural language processing for sentiment analysis to undercover emotion (Sanati, 2015). Celpax has a simple daily pulse solution for employees as they depart home: how was your day today – red, yellow, green (Smith, 2014). This data not only allowsShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management And Employee Engagement2283 Words   |  10 PagesThe management of Human Capital has always been very crucial in any kind of business. Human Resource Management has been in existence before the term was even coined. Earlier, the management was more authoritative and did not need close observation and engagement although motivation and punishment were the factors influencing. But with the incre asing competition; awareness and literacy amongst the workers and evolving work rights, Human Resource Management and Employee engagement have become veryRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Its Importance1517 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the 21st century, human society has undergone tremendous changes, it began to change from the industrial economy to a knowledge economy era. Economic globalization and improve the level of global competition, organizations have had to make full use of all their resources to ensure its survival and development. As an important resource organization human resource organization also attracted more and more attention. Effective human resource management has become a key organizational developmentRead MoreEmployee Engagement : Effective Internal Communication996 Words   |  4 Pagescompany is the characteristic of the positive work environments. The notion of employee engagement is a relatively new and popular one, one that has attracting a lot of attention for most of corporates and has been heavily marketed by internal communication practisers such as human resource consulting firm that offer advice on how it can be developed and leveraged (Macey and Schneider, 2008). Successful em ployee engagement is regarded as the enticing promise of increased productivity, effectivenessRead MoreEmployee Engagement Is The Buzzword818 Words   |  4 PagesEmployee engagement is the buzzword in any organization. Several articles and studies have highlighted on how to measure and manage engagement. This is an essential area in an organization to draw on because it translates into an organizational success. However, engagement is two-way process: organizations must bring about a design to engage the employee, who in turn has a choice about the level of engagement to offer the employer. Each reinforces the other. An engaged employee comes across aRead MoreImplementing A Company Wide Recruitment961 Words   |  4 Pages If you’re looking for an experienced human resources professional that that has developed retention based recruitment programs and has been responsible for the succession planning process in order to build company bench strength, then look no further – consider me for you next Human Resources Manager. As an experienced human resources and business professional with over 15 years of experience, I bring the depth and breathe of expertise needed to be successful in this position. In particular: Read MoreHuman Resource Management (Hcm) Can Be Best Defined As1182 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management (HCM) can be best defined as â€Å"the function within an organization that focuses on the recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for the people who work in an organization.† For the successful operation of an organization, the members within HRM department provide the training, legal and management advice, administrative services, knowledge, talent management oversight, and necessary tools. While a majority of HR managers are responsible for ensuring team buildingRead MoreIdentifying The Critical Components Of A Talent Management Program1397 Words   |  6 Pages Hybrid Assignment 4 – Talent Management Program Write a 2-3 page essay identifying the critical components of a Talent Management Program and provide a detailed rationale of why companies invest millions of dollars in Talent Management Programs? A strategic management program is imperative for any successful business in today’s company environment. Organizations are willing to spend not only time, but also invest millions of dollars in the talent management programs because of the obvious benefitsRead MoreHealth Care Industry Is Dependent On Adequate Staffing879 Words   |  4 Pagesworld will be short of 12.9 million health-care workers by 2035; today, that figure stands at 7.2 million† (para. 1). These shortage trends create gaps in the health care delivery processes and can lead to devastating consequences. Health care employee turnover is a contributing factor for worker shortage. The health care worker devotes his or her profession to serve others while struggling with inadequate pay, high responsibility, and physical strain on the body. An increase in patient need shouldRead MoreA Brief Look at Employee Engagement1669 Words   |  7 PagesEmployee engagement is a relatively new concept. According to Stairs (2005, p.8) research into engagement has completely being ignored and a Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) report (Alfes et al., 2010, p.4) supported this view by stating that while academia became silent on the concept of employee engagement, the concept was actually placed on the discussion board by Human Resources (HR) professionals, practitioners, and consultants. Kular et al (2008) further state that thereRead MorePerformance Appraisal And The Diversity Within The Workplace963 Words   |  4 PagesDue to the ever-changing job market, the Public Sector u tilizes Human Resource Management by furthering specialized categories of services. Position Management plays a key role in organizations job duties and classifications used especially in the merit system by job type and level of responsibilities which leads to limiting payroll salaries only needed for that position. As organizations change internally the Position Management will analyze the current employees and their performances based on

Different Cultures Free Essays

Different countries of the world have different cultures. In light of this, there may be discrepancies in the way we interpret our interaction with the person from another culture. Sometimes it may be difficult to understand or accept another culture which is different from one’s own culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Cultures or any similar topic only for you Order Now In my three years of living in America, I have had experiences based on the difference between the Korean and American culture – these are in the area of non-verbal communication and appointment culture. However, I have also noticed that the structure of the educational system is similar. First of all, nonverbal communication is so much different between two countries. According to reading, â€Å"Where Do We Stand† Lisa Davis, mentioned that all countries have different nonverbal communications and personal space. Because of these, there may be misunderstandings and misinterpretations. One of the differences between the American and Korean culture is greeting. Americans greet by putting up a handshake and saying â€Å"hi† to anyone, both young and old. Koreans do that only to friends or someone who are younger than people who greet. If it is someone older, we greet by bowing head. Moreover, one other mode of greeting is kissing each other. It is really different culture from Korea. We never kiss anyone except close family members. I still find it hard to adapt to this mode of greeting. The simple communication mistakes we make at one time or the other upset the Americans. This may not be deliberate but due to the communication gap. Secondly, keeping an appointment is an indispensable condition even between friends in America. According to reading â€Å"Friends and Strangers† Margaret K. (Omar) Nydell, she talked about some differences of cultures and if she wants to meet another person, she needs to have a one week grace period. To me, this is strange. When I just came to America, I did not know about cultural differences. The first person I met was American-Chinese, we later became close friends. There was a times I was in bad mood. I called her so that I can talk to her. However, told me that she did not want to talk to me because she was having her personal time and asked me to meet the following day or two days after. I thought she just did not want to meet me and did not think it could be impolite to someone else. In Korea, we usually never make an appointment with friends. Whenever the need arises, a call is made and if the other party is available to meet. Even some of my friends just come to my home without any call. Making an appointment is one of courtesies in America. Although both cultures are sometimes poles apart, there are still some similarities between both cultures. A similarity can be found in the educational system of both countries. I believe that all countries have the same passion about education. America students prefer attending a good school and study hard. They also like people who are well educated. Even if there are many differences between other countries, Korea and America, when I study with others, we forget everything about differences and study with the same passion. It helps connect us to each other even if we come from very different countries. In conclusion, I have had so many experiences and realize that there are differences between other cultures. This I have come to realize since coming to this country three years ago. It is really hard to understand each other across cultures, and sometimes it there is still a communication gap between my friends and I. However, we are can understand each other if we all make an effort. We should try to accept the differences and then we could be closer to each other. How to cite Different Cultures, Papers

Violance Aginst Women in Bangladesh free essay sample

Violence against women in Bangladesh has largely been aggravated by certain socio-cultural factors such as lack of gender equality, lack of awareness and knowledge about right, poverty, low educational level, womens position in the family and cultural taboos regarding violence and rape. The consequences of rape and fairly recent form of violence acid throwing- have a serious impact on the victims position in the society and her life, her chances of marriage and her ability to maintain a decent life. The socio-cultural context of violence in Bangladesh: Well Known risk factors of violence and sexual assaults are prevalent in Bangladesh, among other illiteracy poverty and lack of education. Very few women are aware of their rights. From available research and other documents it is clear that violence against women in Bangladesh is a grave problem. However, this understanding has done little to redress the devaluation of women in the Bangladeshi culture. The general attitude is reflected in the lack of will to assist women effectively when they seek help. Media reports, records from the police, courts, and hospitals reflect that incidences of abuse against women are alarmingly on the rise. Each year more and more cases are reported to agencies set up to intervene in cases of violence against women. Rape, burns, battery, homicide, acid attack, abduction, trafficking are all seen to be on the rise every year. The general increase in media focus as well as activism by womens and human rights organizations however have created greater public awareness resulting in more frequent and open discussions leading to more attention to possible solutions of the problem. The consequences of violence: Violence against women has short and long term impact on both physical and mental health of victims. It affects not only womens own lives and productivity, but also those of other family members, especially children. Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world and its estimated prevalence rate of violence against women is extremely high which, in turn, is ‘an obstacle to the achievement of equality, development and peace† (Johnson et al. , 2008, p. 16) Due to a lack of reliable base-line surveys, the exact number of women affected by violence is unknown . However, non-governmental organization (NGO) reports indicate that Bangladesh has one of the highest rate globally despite advancements of Women`s Rights and a strong history of women’s movements. Deeply embedded in cultural and socio-economic practices, violence against women is sanctioned by both society and the state, in the name of culture, tradition and Islamic religion. How it recognized? Recognizing violence against women as a violation of Human Rights is a significant turning-point in the struggle to end violence against women globally (UNIFEM, 2003). A human rights perspective broadens the definition of violence against women and â€Å"focuses attention on discrimination and inequalities that are maintained or tolerated by the state and that increase women`s vulnerability to violence† (Johnson et al. , 2008, p. 4) Violence against women has been recognized as an Human Rights issue since the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna, which established that â€Å"human rights of women and of the girl-child are an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of universal human rights† (VDPA, Part I, para. 8). What are the consequences of that? A number of consequences have been found to be associated with intentional violence, such as: * Pelvic Infection * STDs * Sterility * Chronic pain * Gastrointestinal diseases * Homicide * Suicide What are various psychological symptoms are also associated with violence? These are: * Sleeping disorders * Depression * Trauma related symptoms * Low self-esteem * Suicide ideation and attempts. What the most common forms of violence In Bangladesh? 1. Fatwa violence against women in Bangladesh: Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world and its estimated prevalence rate of violence against women is extremely high which, in turn, is ‘an obstacle to the achievement of equality, development and peace’ (Johnson et al. , 2008, p. 16). Due to lack of reliable base-line surveys, the exact number of women affected by violence is unknown (CEDAW/C/BGD/Q/7). However, non-governmental organization (NGO) reports indicate that Bangladesh has one of the highest rates globally, despite advancements of women`s rights and a strong history of women’s movements. Deeply embedded in cultural and socio-economic practices, violence against women is sanctioned by both society and the state, in the name of culture, tradition and Islamic religion. What is fatwa violence? ‘The fatwa (is) an interpretation of the Qur’an and the -Prophet Muhammed’s teachings, has the potential to define everyday practices and modes of being for that religious leader’s followers. ’ ‘Although any Muslim can technically follow any fatwa, the norms and practices of their particular community will determine whether they carry it out. Black and Nadirsyah write: ‘Simply stated, a fatwa is a legal opinion issued by an Islamic law specialist on a specific issue. ’But then, later, they propose: ‘A fatwa is a non-binding legal opinion or ruling given by a recognized Islamic legal specialist. ’ ‘A small number of countries do give fatwas legal force, making them binding when gazetted and published. In some Mu slim countries, such as Bangladesh, it is an offence to issue an unauthorized fatwa. ’ ‘Fatwas are to be issued only by leading Islamic scholars because the ruling or opinion iven is to be arrived at through deep understanding and thorough knowledge of the Shari’a, drawing on the sources of Islamic law, namely the Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet, the opinions of the jurists of the four Sunni schools of law (madhabs) and by applying the methodology of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh). ’ ‘As Islam has no centralised, international priestly hierarchy, there is no uniform method for determining who can issue a valid fatwa, nor is there one definitive academic qualification on which a Mufti or Ayatollah’s standing rests. There is a misconception that a fatwa is strictly an order to kill specified individual(s) but the truth of it is that fatwas are issued on all sorts of question, such as whether or not an autopsy is permissible under Musli m law. What are the overviews of international human rights commitments and existing situation in Bangladesh regarding Fatwa? The international law apparatus can be used as a functioning tool in offering ways of enforcement of Women? s Human Rights in multiple ways. The UN General Assembly has adopted numerous resolutions both on violence against women in general and on violence against women in specific contexts. For example, the Security Council Resolution 1325 (SCR 1325) calls for the protection of women in conflict situations, and their full inclusion in peace-building and post-conflict reconstruction (2000). It has also adopted resolutions on violence against vulnerable and disadvantaged groups of women (e. g. migrant women), and with respect to particular forms of violence (e. g. UN General Assembly Resolution Working towards the Eliminations of Crimes Against Women Committed in the Name of Honor (2004)) (Chinkin, 2010). The World Health Organization (WHO) further reports and highlights a connection between the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the prevention of VAW, claiming that working towards the MDG`s will reduce violence against women and preventing VAW will contribute to achieving the MDG`s (WHO 2005). There are numerous international human rights commitments which Bangladesh is obliged to respect, protect and fulfill, in relations to VAW. However, simply ratifying international conventions, covenants and treaties is not sufficient; they must be incorporated into domestic law in order to be effective. To offer an example, Bangladesh ratified the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution in 2002, but has failed to incorporate its provisions into domestic law. 2. Domestic Violence: What is domestic violence? Domestic violence is typically considered a private matter and is generally ignored by policies and programs. As a result, cases of domestic violence remain largely unknown and are reflected in official statistics. 3. Abduction: What is abduction? Of a person or people Kidnapping, the taking away of a person against the persons will Alien abduction, memories of being taken by apparently nonhuman entities Bride kidnapping, a practice in which a man abducts the woman he wishes to marry Child abduction, the abduction or kidnapping of a young child (or baby) by an older person Express kidnapping, a method of abduction where a small ransom that a company or family can easily pay is requested. Tiger kidnapping, taking a hostage to force a loved one or associate of the victim to do something. Trafficking in women and children 4. Rape: Given that rape is stigmatized as loss for the women who are raped, such cases are also greatly under-reported. Marital rape is not recognized as an offence by the law 5. Acid Attack 6. Burn 7. Homicide : What is homicide? Homicide (Latin: homicidium, Latin: homo human being + Latin: caedere to cut, kill) is the act of a human killing another human. [Murder, for example, is a type of homicide. It can also describe a person who has committed such an act, though this use is rare in modern English. Homicide is not always a punishable act under criminal law, and is different to murder from a formal legal point of view. Criminal homicide: Criminal homicide takes several forms and includes certain unintentional killings. The crime committed in a criminal homicide is determined by the state of mind of the defendant and statutes defining the crime. Murder, for example, is usually an intentional crime. State-sanctioned homicide Homicides may also be non-criminal when conducted with the sanction of the state. The most obvious examples are capital punishment, in which the state determines that a person should die. Homicides committed in action during war are usually not subject to criminal prosecution either. In addition, members of law enforcement entities are also allowed to commit justified homicides within certain parameters which, when met, do not usually result in prosecution; see deadly force. Global statistics: A 2011 study by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime brought together a wide variety of data sources to create a worldwide picture of trends and developments. Sources included multiple agencies and field offices of the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and national and international sources from 207 countries. The report estimated that in 2010, the total number of homicides globally was 468,000. More than a third (36%) occurred in Africa, 31% in the Americas, 27% in Asia, 5% in Europe and 1% in Oceania. Since 1995, the homicide rate has been falling in Europe, North America, and Asia, but has risen to a near crisis point in Central America and the Caribbean. Of all homicides worldwide, 82% of the victims were male and 18% were female; of the female victims, 40 to 70% were linked to partner- or family-related violence. On a per-capita scaled level, the homicide rate in Africa and the Americas (at 17 and 16 per 100,000 population, respectively) is more than double the global average (6. per 100,000), whereas in Asia, Europe and Oceania (between 3 and 4 per 100,000) it is roughly half. Forty-two percent of homicides globally are committed using firearms. 8. Psychological Abuse : What is psychological abuse? Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that may r esult in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Such abuse is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such as abusive relationships, bullying, child abuse and abuse in the workplace. There were no consensus views about the definition of emotional abuse. As such, clinicians and researchers have offered sometimes divergent definitions of emotional abuse. However, the widely used Conflict Tactics Scale measures roughly twenty distinct acts of psychological aggression in three different categories: * Verbal aggression (e. g. , saying something that upsets or annoys someone else); * Dominant behaviours (e. g. preventing someone to have contact with their family); * Jealous behaviors (e. g. , accusing a partner of maintaining other parallel relations). Effects: English, et al. report that children whose families are characterized by interpersonal violence, including psychological aggression and verbal aggression, may exhibit a range of serious disorders, including chronic depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder , dissociation and anger. A 2008 study by Walsh and Shulman reports that relationship dissatisfaction for both partners is more likely to be associated with, in women, psychological aggression and, in men, with withdrawal. Clinical perception: A study found that abuse committed by women, including emotional and psychological abuse such as controlling or humiliating behavior, was typically viewed as less serious or detrimental than identical abuse committed by men. Additionally, Sorenson and Taylor found that respondents had a broader range of opinions about female perpetrators, representing a lack of clearly defined mores when compared to responses about male perpetrators. It is suggested that some forms of psychopathology lead to some men adopting patriarchal ideology to justify and rationalize their own pathology * Sexual Abuse of children in the family Dowry related violence * Violence During Pregnancy * Forced Prostitution Is there any Violence against Bangladeshi women in abroad? * Answer: yes of course ( source Parvez Babul | 14 May 2012 5:56 pm at daily new age) The women, facing violence by their husbands/inmates, die many times before their death! Moreover, the rate of violence against Banglad eshi women in abroad is beyond the imagination. In most cases victims are helpless there, for many reasons as in foreign land. I have tried to portray a simple picture of violence against Bangladeshi women in abroad to realise how endless inhumane lives they pass, and even killed! Most of the victim told me that, before wedding, the parents or guardians are unable to collect enough information about the grooms staying abroad. Consequently, they have to believe the grooms no matter how false information they give. But after marriage, when the fate of women starts burning, nothing can be done, but have to accept unless the lives of women turn into ashes. Sometimes greed of being migrants of family members with the help of migrant husbands and other causes makes some parents and guardians more interested to catch Bangladeshi grooms in abroad. I am certain that many of you know more or less about the violence against Bangladeshi women in abroad. Yet I like to present here one of the touchy case studies of some sufferer and severely injured women to realise the reality and state of grave inhumanity, so that if we can do something needed in favour of them in future. Koli (not her real name) was an educated girl and had an affair with a person in Dhaka. Both she and her lover were planning to marry on upcoming Valentine’s Day. But Koli’s parents got a proposal through a matchmaker that there is a Bangladeshi ‘good’ groom, have been staying in Sweden for a few years. If they wed Koli with that groom, no dowry or gift is needed rather the groom will manage the cost of wedding. In addition, both Koli and her family members will be able to settle in Sweden. Very lucrative proposal! Koli’s parents agreed and the wedding was done within five days without taking consent from Koli. Koli unwillingly went Sweden with her husband. After going there within a few days she discovered that her husband drinks wine regularly, have realtion with other women and tortures mentally and physically Koli if she protests. Her husband kept her confined at the residence, and she was not allowed to go outside or contact any one. Even she could not contact her parents in Bangladesh, because she was not allowed to touch her husband’s mobile phone and talk with anyone. Koli could do nothing, but cried like a bird confined in a cage! She became sick due to torture and after suffering a few days, she was taken to a doctor by her husband unwillingly. She kept the fact hidden of torturing by her husband, and told the doctor that she got the marks of injuries in her body due to fall down at the bathroom. After seven months Koli felt that she was pregnant. Getting the news, her husband kicked at her belly, bleeding started and the embryo was killed. This is just one of the very simple stories of violence I mentioned. There are many women who have been being tortured more dangerously by their husbands; became disabled, passing lives in shelter centres, unable to continue legal action against the husbands because they fear of more torture. Some husbands have one more wives, took from Bangladesh; even some wives are denied their rights to the children. Some husbands make fabricated story in favour of them before wedding, but in the practical field it is found that some husbands even unemployed in abroad and were sentenced to imprisonment for drug addiction and other unlawful activities. Some husbands torture their wives in the streets, parks, shopping malls and other places. Evidence shows that violence against Bangladeshi women exists in many countries, and some women have been killed by their husbands. In addition, some persons take women in abroad by the name of ‘marriage’, sale them in the brothel or deal with sex trade there forcibly against the will of those women. Some sufferer women suggested to the parents of Bangladeshi women not to become agree instantly to wed their daughters with the grooms live in abroad. Rather the parents must take some time to know details about the grooms as more as possible through different sources. The Bengali community in abroad, our embassies in different countries, and some other migrants should play helpful role in this regard. Though there is no enough data on the violence against Bangladeshi women in abroad, so necessary support, capacity-building and research must conduct to address the isssue and save lives of Bangladeshi women in abroad. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates in 2002 that around 20-70% of abused women around the world never told another person about the abuse until being interviewed for a study by WHO. Amnesty International mentioned that around the world at least one woman in every three has been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Every year, violence in the home and the community devastates the lives of millions of women. Violence against women is rooted in a global culture of discrimination which denies women equal rights with men. Amnesty added that there is an unbroken spectrum of violence that women face at the hands of people who exert control over them. States have the obligation to prevent, protect against, and punish violence against women whether perpetrated by private or public actors. States have a responsibility to uphold standards of due diligence and take steps to fulfill their responsibility to protect individuals from human rights abuses, the report concludes. What are the Experts suggested ensuring equality? Non-violent relationship with women and men through: †¢Fairness and negotiation; †¢Honesty and accountability; Respect to the women; †¢Trust and support; †¢Shared responsibility; †¢Positive parenting; †¢Non-threatening behavior; †¢ Economic partnership. One question always comes in my mind that physically the same red blood we men and women carry by born, same rights we have in the constitution, but why we cannot be equal as human beings through womenâ€⠄¢s empowerment, establishing gender equity and equality? Steps of preventing that violence: Nevertheless, considering these Women`s Human Rights (WHR) enforcements internationally, multiple forms of violence against women remain high with considerably slow progress (Reilly 2009). Therefore, violence against women is an issue that requires continuous redressing to guarantee women`s full enjoyments of their rights. To promote equal status for women, such violence must be recognised as a Human rights violation requiring immediate actions (Desai et al, 2002, p. 30). Violence against Women (VAW) is the most obvious gender-specific violation of Human Rights, and is a form of discrimination against women. It enforces women`s subordination and patriarchal structures throughout all levels of society, leading to issues such as the undervaluation of women`s economic contributions. VAW is not only embedded in gender norms; gender norms are also constructed through VAW, and â€Å"the low status of women – economically, socially, culturally and politically both constitutes and enables the further denial of human rights in gender-specific ways, often at the hands of family members, male and female† (Reilly, 2009, p. 78). Thus, VAW both reflects and determines gendered social structures (McMillan, 2007). That is why framing VAW as a Human Rights violation requiring immediate action is crucial to challenge the economic, social and cultural marginalisation of women in Bangladesh.